Therapeutically active compounds and their methods of use

ABSTRACT

Provided are compounds useful for treating cancer and methods of treating cancer comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a purified compound described herein.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.17/668,649, filed Feb. 10, 2022, which claims priority from U.S.provisional patent application No. 63/149,075 filed Feb. 12, 2021 andU.S. provisional patent application No. 63/217,843 filed Jul. 2, 2021,which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDHs) catalyze the oxidative decarboxylationof isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate (i.e., α-ketoglutarate). These enzymesbelong to two distinct subclasses, one of which utilizes NAD(+) as theelectron acceptor and the other NADP(+). Five isocitrate dehydrogenaseshave been reported: three NAD(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases,which localize to the mitochondrial matrix, and two NADP(+)-dependentisocitrate dehydrogenases, one of which is mitochondrial and the otherpredominantly cytosolic. Each NADP(+)-dependent isozyme is a homodimer.

IDH1 (isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), cytosolic) is also known asIDH; IDP; IDCD; IDPC or PICD. The protein encoded by this gene is theNADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase found in the cytoplasm andperoxisomes. It contains the PTS-1 peroxisomal targeting signalsequence. The presence of this enzyme in peroxisomes suggests roles inthe regeneration of NADPH for intraperoxisomal reductions, such as theconversion of 2, 4-dienoyl-CoAs to 3-enoyl-CoAs, as well as inperoxisomal reactions that consume 2-oxoglutarate, namely thealpha-hydroxylation of phytanic acid. The cytoplasmic enzyme serves asignificant role in cytoplasmic NADPH production.

The human IDH1 gene encodes a protein of 414 amino acids. The nucleotideand amino acid sequences for human IDH1 can be found as GenBank entriesNM_005896.2 and NP_005887.2 respectively. The nucleotide and amino acidsequences for IDH1 are also described in, e.g., Nekrutenko et al., Mol.Biol. Evol. 15:1674-1684(1998); Geisbrecht et al., J. Biol. Chem.274:30527-30533(1999); Wiemann et al., Genome Res. 11:422-435(2001); TheMGC Project Team, Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004); Lubec et al.,Submitted (December-2008) to UniProtKB; Kullmann et al., Submitted(June-1996) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases; and Sjoeblom et al.,Science 314:268-274(2006).

Non-mutant, e.g., wild type, IDH1 catalyzes the oxidativedecarboxylation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate thereby reducing NAD(NADP⁺) to NADH (NADPH), e.g., in the forward reaction:

Isocitrate+NAD⁺(NADP⁺)→α-KG+CO₂+NADH(NADPH)+H⁺.

It has been discovered that mutations of IDH1 present in certain cancercells result in a new ability of the enzyme to catalyze theNADPH-dependent reduction of α-ketoglutarate to R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate(2HG). The production of R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) is believed tocontribute to the formation and progression of cancer (Dang, L et al.,Nature 2009, 462:739-44).

IDH2 (isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP⁺), mitochondrial) is also knownas IDH; IDP; IDHM; IDPM; ICD-M; or mNADP-IDH. The protein encoded bythis gene is the NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase found in themitochondria. It plays a role in intermediary metabolism and energyproduction. This protein may tightly associate or interact with thepyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Human IDH2 gene encodes a protein of 452amino acids. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences for IDH2 can befound as GenBank entries NM_002168.2 and NP_002159.2 respectively. Thenucleotide and amino acid sequence for human IDH2 are also described in,e.g., Huh et al., Submitted (November-1992) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJdatabases; and The MGC Project Team, Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004).

Non-mutant, e.g., wild type, IDH2 catalyzes the oxidativedecarboxylation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) thereby reducingNAD (NADP⁺) to NADH (NADPH), e.g., in the forward reaction:

Isocitrate+NAD⁺(NADP⁺)→α-KG+CO₂+NADH(NADPH)+H⁺.

It has been discovered that mutations of IDH2 present in certain cancercells result in a new ability of the enzyme to catalyze theNADPH-dependent reduction of α-ketoglutarate to R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate(2HG). R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) is not formed by wild-type IDH2.The production of R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) is believed tocontribute to the formation and progression of cancer (Dang, L et al,Nature 2009, 462:739-44). The inhibition of mutant IDH1 and/or mutantIDH2 and their neoactivity is therefore a potential therapeutictreatment for cancer.

Vorasidenib (AG-881) is an orally available, brain penetrantsecond-generation dual mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (mIDH1/2)inhibitor currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment ofglioma, including low grade glioma.

Vorasidenib (AG-881) is described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,579,324, which isincorporated herein by reference as though fully set forth. There is aneed to identify potential biologically active vorasidenib metabolitesthat persist in the human body upon vorasidenib dosing in order tobetter understand the clinical activity of vorasidenib and to providepotential novel inhibitors of mutant IDH1/IDH2.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

Described herein are Compounds 1 to 7 (e.g., Compound 1, Compound 2,Compound 3, Compound 4, Compound 5, Compound 6 and Compound 7), andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

The compounds selected from Compounds 1 to 7, or pharmaceutical saltsthereof, or as described in any one of the embodiments herein inhibitsat least one of mutant IDH1 or mutant IDH2. Also described herein arepharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound selected fromCompounds 1 to 7 or a pharmaceutical salt thereof and methods of usingsuch compositions to treat cancers characterized by the presence of atleast one of mutant IDH1 or mutant IDH2.

In one embodiment, the compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a purified form.

In one embodiment, the compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a purified form.

In one embodiment, the compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a purified form.

In one embodiment, the compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a purified form.

In one embodiment, the compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a purified form.

In one embodiment, the compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a purified form.

In one embodiment, the compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a purified form.

In one aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising one or more compounds selected from Compounds 1 to 7, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or morepharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a cancercomprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeuticallyeffective amount of one or more compounds selected from purifiedCompounds 1 to 7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, whereinthe cancer is characterized by the presence of at least one mutationchosen from an IDH1 mutation or an IDH2 mutation.

In one embodiment, the method comprises administering to the patient atherapeutically effective amount of purified

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the method comprises administering to the patient atherapeutically effective amount of purified

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the method comprises administering to the patient atherapeutically effective amount of purified

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the method comprises administering to the patient atherapeutically effective amount of purified

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the method comprises administering to the patient atherapeutically effective amount of purified

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the method comprises administering to the patient atherapeutically effective amount of purified

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the method comprises administering to the patient atherapeutically effective amount of purified

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a cancercomprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a composition comprising one or more compoundsselected from purified Compounds 1 to 7, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, wherein the cancer is characterized by thepresence of at least one mutation chosen from an IDH1 mutation or anIDH2 mutation.

In one embodiment of the methods described herein, the cancer isselected from glioma (including low grade glioma), glioblastoma(including secondary glioblastoma), grade II or III astrocytoma, gradeII or III oligodendroglioma, acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), sarcoma,melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), cholangiocarcinomas,chondrosarcoma, myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), myeloproliferativeneoplasm (MPN), colon cancer, and angio-immunoblastic non-Hodgkin'slymphoma (NHL) in a patient.

In one embodiment of the methods described herein, the cancer is glioma.In a further embodiment, the glioma is a low grade glioma or a highgrade glioma.

In one embodiment, provided is a method of treating a glioma in asubject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject atherapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds selected frompurified Compounds 1 to 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof.

In one embodiment, the method of treating glioma comprises administeringto a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount ofpurified:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the method of treating glioma comprises administeringto a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount ofpurified:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the method of treating glioma comprises administeringto a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount ofpurified:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the method of treating glioma comprises administeringto a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount ofpurified:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the method of treating glioma comprises administeringto a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount ofpurified:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the method of treating glioma comprises administeringto a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount ofpurified:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the method of treating glioma comprises administeringto a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount ofpurified:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, provided is a method of treating a glioma comprisingadministering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effectiveamount of a composition comprising one or more compounds selected fromCompounds 1 to 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, whereinthe glioma is characterized by the presence of at least one mutationchosen from an IDH1 mutation or an IDH2 mutation.

In one embodiment, provided is a method of treating low grade gliomacomprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a composition comprising one or more compoundsselected from Compounds 1 to 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, wherein the glioma is characterized by the presence of at leastone mutation chosen from an IDH1 mutation or an IDH2 mutation.

In one embodiment of the methods for treating glioma described herein,the glioma is characterized by the presence of at least one mutationselected from an IDH1 mutation and an IDH2 mutation.

In certain embodiments, the mutation is an IDH1 mutation. In someembodiments, the IDH1 mutation is an R132X mutation. In furtherembodiments, the IDH1 mutation is an R132H or R132C mutation.

In some embodiments, the mutation is an IDH2 mutation. In furtherembodiments, the mutation is a R140X or R172X mutation. In certainembodiments, the mutation is a R140Q, R140W, or an R140L mutation. Inother embodiments, the mutation is an R172K or R172G mutation.

In some embodiments of the methods described herein, the amount of thecompound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to thepatient is between 1 and 5000 mg/day. In certain embodiments, the amountof the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administeredto the patient is between 1 and 2000 mg/day. In certain embodiments, theamount of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereofadministered to the patient is between 1 and 1000 mg/day. In someembodiments, the amount of compound or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof administered to the patient is between 1 and 500 mg/day.

In certain embodiments of the methods described herein, the compound orcomposition is administered orally.

In certain embodiments of the methods described herein, the compound orcomposition is administered in combination with an additionaltherapeutic modality. In certain embodiments, the additional therapeuticmodality is selected from radiation, surgical resection, anti-cancermedications, anti-epileptic medications, anti-seizure medications andanti-emesis medications.

In some embodiments, the anti-cancer medications are selected fromchemotherapy with cytotoxic or cytostatic agents, targeted medications,antibody therapy, immunotherapy and hormonal therapy.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 Represents a number of proposed theoretical biotransformationpathways of AG-881 (ivosidenib) in humans.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The details of the construction and the arrangement of components setforth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings arenot meant to be limiting. Other embodiments and different ways topractice the subject matter of this application are expressly included.Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose ofdescription and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of“including,” “comprising,” or “having,” “containing,” “involving”, andvariations thereof herein, is meant to encompass the items listedthereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items.

Definitions

The term “bodily fluid” includes one or more of amniotic fluidsurrounding a fetus, aqueous humour, blood (e.g., whole blood or bloodplasma), cerebrospinal fluid, cerumen, chyme, Cowper's fluid, feces,female ejaculate, interstitial fluid, lymph, breast milk, mucus (e.g.,nasal drainage or phlegm), pleural fluid, pus, saliva, sebum, semen,serum, sweat, tears, urine, vaginal secretion, or vomit.

As used herein, the terms “inhibit” or “prevent” include both completeand partial inhibition and prevention. An inhibitor may completely orpartially inhibit the intended target.

The term “treat” means decrease, suppress, attenuate, diminish, arrest,or stabilize the development or progression of a disease/disorder (e.g.,a cancer), lessen the severity of the disease/disorder (e.g., a cancer)or improve the symptoms associated with the disease/disorder (e.g., acancer).

As used herein, the term “daily dose” represents the total amount oftherapeutic agent to be administered in any 24 hour period, and is usedinterchangeably with “amount/day”. By way of example, “a daily dose of100 mg,” or “a dose of 100 mg/day,” or “an amount of 100 mg/day” referto administering to the patient a total of 100 mg of the therapeuticagent in any 24 hour period. The daily dose can be administered once aday (i.e., QD, or once daily or every 24 hours) or fractionated intomultiple doses to be administered at different times in a 24 hour period(e.g., BID or twice daily or every 12 hours; TD or three times daily orevery 8 hours; QID or four times daily or every 6 hours, etc.). Each ofthe doses (e.g., the daily dose or the fractionated doses) can beadministered as a single dosage form (e.g., a single tablet or capsule)or as multiple dosage forms (e.g., two or more tablets or capsules). Bythe way of example, a daily dose of 1000 mg (i.e., a dose of 1000mg/day) administered BID (i.e., twice daily) can be administered as, forinstance, two dosage forms (e.g., capsules or tablets), each containing250 mg therapeutic agent (e.g., a compound selected from purifiedCompounds 1 to 7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) every 12hours.

As used herein, an amount of a compound effective to treat a disorder,or a “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of thecompound which is effective, upon single or multiple dose administrationto a subject, in treating a cell, or in curing, alleviating, relievingor improving a subject with a disorder beyond that expected in theabsence of such treatment.

As used herein, the term “subject” is intended to include human andnon-human animals. Exemplary human subjects include a human patient(referred to as a patient) having a disorder, e.g., a disorder describedherein or a normal subject. In some embodiments the human patient is achild (defined as a person that is less than 18 years old). In otherembodiments the human patient is an adult (defined as a person this isequal to or greater than 18 years old). The term “non-human animals” ofone aspect of the invention includes all vertebrates, e.g., non-mammals(such as chickens, amphibians, reptiles) and mammals, such as non-humanprimates, domesticated and/or agriculturally useful animals, e.g.,sheep, dog, cat, cow, pig, etc.

As used herein, the terms “purified,” “in purified form” or “in isolatedand purified form” in connection with a compound refers to the physicalstate of said compound after being physically separated from a syntheticprocess (e.g., from a reaction mixture), natural source, or from abodily fluid or a combination thereof and/or being subjected to apurification process or processes. The “purification process orprocesses” referred to above are either described herein or are wellknown to the skilled artisan (e.g., chromatography, recrystallizationand the like), and the purity of the compounds obtained by suchpurification process or processes is determined by standard analyticaltechniques described herein or are well known to the skilled artisan. Insome embodiments, a purified compound does not have to be physicallyseparated from a reaction mixture or bodily fluid prior to purification,e.g., the reaction mixture or bodily fluid is subjected to thepurification process and the desired compound is isolated in purifiedform after completion of the purification process. In furtherembodiments, a compound may be optionally subjected to multiplepurification processes. As examples, the purification techniquesdisclosed herein result in isolated and purified forms of the subjectCompounds 1 to 7. Such isolation and purification techniques would beexpected to result in compound purities of about 90 wt % or better(e.g., over 90 wt %, over 95 wt %, over 97 wt %, over 98 wt % or over 99wt % purity).

Compounds

Provided are Compounds 1 to 7, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts orhydrates thereof:

Compounds 1 to 7 are observed in one or more bodily fluids or areproposed metabolites that can be obtained upon oral dosing ofvorasidenib (AG-881) in humans or synthesized de novo. A study toprofile and identify vorasidenib and its metabolites in selected plasma,urine and feces samples collected from human subjects after a singleoral dose of [¹⁴C]AG-881 and concomitant intravenous microdose of [¹³C₃¹⁵N₃]AG-881 is described in Example 8.

Compounds 1 to 7 can be synthetically prepared from commerciallyavailable materials using methods and combinations of methods known inthe art. Exemplary methods for the synthesis of Compounds 1 to 7 aredescribed in Examples 1-7.

For instance, Compound 1 and Compound 2 can be prepared from6-(6-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N2,N4-bis((R)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine(Vorasidenib, AG-881) according to Scheme 1.

Treatment of Vorasidenib with a thiomethoxide (e.g., sodiumthiomethoxide) in a suitable organic solvent (e.g., a polar, aproticorganic solvent, e.g., dimethylsulfoxide) results in the formation ofCompound 1. The reaction can take place at temperatures between 0 and30° C. and can optionally be conducted under an inert atmosphere (e.g.,under a nitrogen atmosphere).

Further, Compound 2 can be synthetically prepared from Compound 1 byoxidation with an oxidizing agent (e.g., Oxone) in a suitable organicsolvent (e.g., a polar organic solvent, e.g., a polar protic organicsolvent, e.g., methanol).

Compounds 3, 4, 5 and 6 can be prepared from Vorasidenib (AG-881) bymethods generally depicted in Scheme 2

Vorasidenib (AG-881) can be dissolved in a suitable organic solvent(e.g., a polar, aprotic organic solvent, e.g., dimethylsulfoxide) andtreated with a sulfide reagent (e.g., sodium sulfide) to provideCompound 3. The reaction can take place at temperatures between 0 and30° C. and can optionally be conducted under an inert atmosphere (e.g.,under a nitrogen atmosphere). Compound 4 can in turn be obtained bytreating Compound 3 with an oxidizing agent (e.g., trichloroisocyanuricacid) in an organic solvent (e.g., a polar aprotic organic solvent,e.g., acetonitrile). The reaction can take place at temperatures between−40° C. and 0° C. (e.g., −20° C.) and can optionally be conducted underan inert atmosphere (e.g., under a nitrogen atmosphere). Compounds 5 and6 can be obtained by treating Compound 3 with the appropriateenantiopure 2-amino-3-chloropropanoic acid in an organic solvent (e.g.,a polar, aprotic organic solvent, e.g., N,N-Dimethylformamide) in thepresence of a base (e.g., an organic amine base, e.g., N,N-Diisopropyiethylamine). The reaction can take place at temperaturesbetween 20° C. and 100° C. (e.g., between 40° C. and 80° C., e.g.,around 60° C.). In some embodiments, the reaction can be conducted underan inert atmosphere (e.g., under a nitrogen atmosphere).

Compound 7 can be prepared from Vorasidenib (AG-881) by methodsgenerally depicted in Scheme 3.

Treatment of Vorasidenib with a thiomethoxide (e.g., sodiumthiomethoxide) in a suitable organic solvent (e.g., a polar, aproticorganic solvent, e.g., dimethylsulfoxide) results in the formation ofCompound 1. The reaction can take place at temperatures between 0 and30° C. and can optionally be conducted under an inert atmosphere (e.g.,under a nitrogen atmosphere).

Further, Compound 7 can be synthetically prepared from Compound 1 byoxidation with an oxidizing agent (e.g., Oxone) in a suitable organicsolvent (e.g., a polar organic solvent, e.g., a polar protic organicsolvent, e.g., methanol) in the presence of water.

Compounds 1 to 7 contain one or more asymmetric centers and thus mayoccur or be isolated or synthesized as racemates, racemic mixtures,scalemic mixtures, and diastereomeric mixtures, as well as singleenantiomers or individual stereoisomers that are substantially free fromanother possible enantiomer or stereoisomer. The term “substantiallyfree of other stereoisomers” as used herein means a preparation enrichedin a compound having a selected stereochemistry at one or more selectedstereocenters by at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%,96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%. The term “enriched” means that at least thedesignated percentage of a preparation is the compound having a selectedstereochemistry at one or more selected stereocenters. Methods ofobtaining or synthesizing an individual enantiomer or stereoisomer for agiven compound are known in the art and may be applied as practicable tofinal compounds or to starting material or intermediates.

In certain embodiments, Compounds 1 to 7 are enriched for a structure orstructures having a selected stereochemistry at one or more carbonatoms. For example, the compound is enriched in the specificstereoisomer by at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%,96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%.

Compounds 1 to 7 may also be prepared with one or more isotopicsubstitutions. For example, H may be in any isotopic form, including ¹H,²H (D or deuterium), and ³H (T or tritium); C may be in any isotopicform, including ¹¹C, ¹²C, ¹³C, and ¹⁴C; N may be in any isotopic form,including ¹³N, ¹⁴N and ¹⁵N; O may be in any isotopic form, including¹⁵O, ¹⁶O and ¹⁸O; F may be in any isotopic form, including 18F; and thelike. For example, the compound is enriched in a specific isotopic formof H, C, N, O and/or F by at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%,90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%. Certain isotopically-labelled compounds(e.g., those labeled with ³H and ¹⁴C) are useful in compound and/orsubstrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated (i.e., ³H) and carbon-14(i.e., ¹⁴C) isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease ofpreparation and detectability. Further, substitution with heavierisotopes such as deuterium (i.e., ²H) may afford certain therapeuticadvantages resulting from greater metabolic stability (e.g., increasedin vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements) and hence may bepreferred in some circumstances. Isotopically labelled compounds cangenerally be prepared by procedures analogous to those disclosed in theExamples, by substituting an appropriate isotopically labelled reagentfor a non-isotopically labelled reagent.

It may be convenient or desirable to prepare, purify, and/or handle acorresponding salt of the active compound, for example, apharmaceutically-acceptable salt. Examples of pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts are discussed in Berge et al., 1977, “PharmaceuticallyAcceptable Salts.” J. Pharm. Sci. Vol. 66, pp. 1-19.

For example, if the compound is anionic, or has a functional group whichmay be anionic (e.g., —COOH may be —COO⁻), then a salt may be formedwith a suitable cation. Examples of suitable inorganic cations include,but are not limited to, alkali metal ions such as Na⁺ and K⁺, alkalineearth cations such as Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, and other cations such as Al³⁺.Examples of suitable organic cations include, but are not limited to,ammonium ion (i.e., NH⁴⁺) and substituted ammonium ions (e.g., NH₃R⁺,NH₂R²⁺, NHR³⁺, NR⁴⁺). Examples of some suitable substituted ammoniumions are those derived from: ethylamine, diethylamine,dicyclohexylamine, triethylamine, butylamine, ethylenediamine,ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine, benzylamine,phenylbenzylamine, choline, meglumine, and tromethamine, as well asamino acids, such as lysine and arginine. An example of a commonquaternary ammonium ion is N(CH₃)₄ ⁺.

If the compound is cationic, or has a functional group that may becationic (e.g., —NH₂ may be —NH₃ ⁺), then a salt may be formed with asuitable anion. Examples of suitable inorganic anions include, but arenot limited to, those derived from the following inorganic acids:hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, sulfuric, sulfurous, nitric,nitrous, phosphoric, and phosphorous.

Examples of suitable organic anions include, but are not limited to,those derived from the following organic acids: 2-acetyoxybenzoic,acetic, ascorbic, aspartic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, cinnamic, citric,edetic, ethanedisulfonic, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, glucoheptonic,gluconic, glutamic, glycolic, hydroxymaleic, hydroxynaphthalenecarboxylic, isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, lauric, maleic, malic,methanesulfonic, mucic, oleic, oxalic, palmitic, pamoic, pantothenic,phenylacetic, phenylsulfonic, propionic, pyruvic, salicylic, stearic,succinic, sulfanilic, tartaric, toluenesulfonic, and valeric. Mesylatesof each compound in Table 1 are explicitly included herein. Examples ofsuitable polymeric organic anions include, but are not limited to, thosederived from the following polymeric acids: tannic acid, carboxymethylcellulose.

The compounds provided herein therefore include the compoundsthemselves, as well as their salts, hydrates and their prodrugs, ifapplicable. The compounds provided herein may be modified and convertedto prodrugs by appending appropriate functionalities to enhance selectedbiological properties, e.g., targeting to a particular tissue. Suchmodifications (i.e., prodrugs) are known in the art and include thosewhich increase biological penetration into a given biologicalcompartment (e.g., blood, lymphatic system, central nervous system),increase oral availability, increase solubility to allow administrationby injection, alter metabolism and alter rate of excretion. Examples ofprodrugs include esters (e.g., phosphates, amino acid (e.g., valine)esters), carbamates and other pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives,which, upon administration to a subject, are capable of providing activecompounds. Calcium and sodium phosphates of each one of Compounds 1 to7, if applicable, are explicitly included herein. Amino acid (e.g.,valine) esters of each one of Compounds 1 to 7, if applicable, areexplicitly included herein.

Compositions and Routes of Administration

The compounds utilized in the methods described herein may be formulatedtogether with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or adjuvant intopharmaceutically acceptable compositions prior to be administered to asubject. In one embodiment, such pharmaceutically acceptablecompositions further comprise additional therapeutic agents in amountseffective for achieving a modulation of disease or disease symptoms,including those described herein.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or adjuvant” refers to acarrier or adjuvant that may be administered to a subject, together witha compound of one aspect of this invention, and which does not destroythe pharmacological activity thereof and is nontoxic when administeredin doses sufficient to deliver a therapeutic amount of the compound.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles that may beused in the pharmaceutical compositions of one aspect of this inventioninclude, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminumstearate, lecithin, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) suchas d-α-tocopherol polyethyleneglycol 1000 succinate, surfactants used inpharmaceutical dosage forms such as Tweens or other similar polymericdelivery matrices, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffersubstances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate,partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water,salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogenphosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts,colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone,cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes,polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol andwool fat. Cyclodextrins such as α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrin, orchemically modified derivatives such as hydroxyalkylcyclodextrins,including 2- and 3-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrins, or other solubilizedderivatives may also be advantageously used to enhance delivery ofcompounds of the formulae described herein.

The pharmaceutical compositions of one aspect of this invention may beadministered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically,rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir,preferably by oral administration or administration by injection. Thepharmaceutical compositions of one aspect of this invention may containany conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers,adjuvants or vehicles. In some cases, the pH of the formulation may beadjusted with pharmaceutically acceptable acids, bases or buffers toenhance the stability of the formulated compound or its delivery form.The term parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous,intracutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarticular,intraarterial, intrasynovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intralesionaland intracranial injection or infusion techniques.

The pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterileinjectable preparation, for example, as a sterile injectable aqueous oroleaginous suspension. This suspension may be formulated according totechniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents(such as, for example, Tween 80) and suspending agents. The sterileinjectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution orsuspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent,for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptablevehicles and solvents that may be employed are mannitol, water, Ringer'ssolution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile,fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspendingmedium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed includingsynthetic mono- or diglycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and itsglyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, asare natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil orcastor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oilsolutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluentor dispersant, or carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agentswhich are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceuticallyacceptable dosage forms such as emulsions and or suspensions. Othercommonly used surfactants such as Tweens or Spans and/or other similaremulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly usedin the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, orother dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation.

In certain embodiments, any one of Compounds 1 to 7 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in compositionscomprising one of the compounds described herein (e.g., one or more ofCompounds 1 to 7) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and oneor more polymer(s) as part of a solid dispersion (e.g., an amorphoussolid dispersion). In some embodiments, the solid dispersion comprises acompound selected from Compounds 1 to 7 or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, and one or more polymer(s). In some embodiments, the soliddispersion comprises one of Compounds 1 to 7 or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, one or more polymer(s), and one or moresurfactant(s). In some embodiments, the solid dispersion comprises oneof Compounds 1 to 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof andone polymer. In some embodiments, the solid dispersion comprises one ofCompounds 1 to 7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, onepolymer, and a surfactant.

In some embodiments, at least a portion of the active ingredient (e.g.,one of Compounds 1 to 7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof),in the solid dispersion is in the amorphous state (e.g., at least about50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, atleast about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, or atleast about 99%). In other embodiments, the solid dispersion issubstantially free of crystalline compound.

In some embodiments, the composition is an amorphous solid (e.g., spraydried) dispersion comprising one of Compounds 1 to 7 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a polymer. The amorphoussolid dispersion can include, e.g., less than about 30%, less than about20%, less than about 15%, less than about 10%, less than about 5%, lessthan about 4%, less than about 3%, less than about 2%, or less thanabout 1% of crystalline compound, (e.g., be substantially free of acrystalline compound selected from Compounds 1 to 7 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof).

Examples of polymers in the solid dispersion include cellulosederivatives (e.g., hydroxypropylmethylcellulose also known ashypromellose, (HPMC), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, also knownas hypromellose phthalate (HPMCP), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetatesuccinate, also known as hypromellose acetate succinate, (HPMCAS),hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC)), ethylcellulose, or cellulose acetatephthalate); polyvinylpyrrolidones (PVP); polyethylene glycols (PEG);polyvinyl alcohols (PVA); polyvinyl esters, such as Polyvinyl AcetatePhthalate (PVAP); acrylates, such as polymethacrylate (e.g.,Eudragit.RTM. E); cyclodextrins (e.g., .beta.-cyclodextrin); Poly (D,L-lactide) (PLA), Poly (D,L-lactide, co-glycolide acid (PLGA); andcopolymers and derivatives thereof, including for examplepolyvinylpyrollidone-vinyl acetate (PVP-VA), Polyvinylcaprolactam-polyvinyl, and acetate-polyethyleneglycol copolymer,Methylacrylate/methacrylic acid copolymer, Soluplus; Copovidone; andmixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, the solid dispersion includes at least onewater-soluble polymer. In some embodiments, the solid dispersionincludes at least one partially water-soluble polymer. In someembodiments, the polymer is a cellulose derivative polymer. In otherembodiments, the polymer is copovidone. In still other embodiments, thepolymer is a cyclodextrin. In some embodiments, the solid dispersionincludes more than one polymer.

In some embodiments, the polymer is HPMCAS (e.g., HPMCAS of differentgrades: HPMCAS-M, HPMCAS-MG or HPMCAS-HG). In some embodiments, thepolymer is PVAP. In some embodiments, the polymer is HPMC (e.g., HPMC ofdifferent grades: HMPC60SH50, HPMCE50 or HPMCE15). In some embodiments,the polymer is HPMCP (e.g., HPMCP of different grades: e.g.,HMPCP-HP55).

In some embodiments, the polymer is a pH-dependent enteric polymer. SuchpH-dependent enteric polymers include, but are not limited to, cellulosederivatives (e.g., cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP)), HPMCP, HPMCAS,carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) or a salt thereof (e.g., a sodium salt suchas (CMC-Na)); cellulose acetate trimellitate (CAT),hydroxypropylcellulose acetate phthalate (HPCAP),hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose acetate phthalate (HPMCAP), andmethylcellulose acetate phthalate (MCAP)), polymethacrylates (e.g.,Eudragit S), or mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, the polymer is hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetatesuccinate, also known as hypromellose acetate succinate, (HPMCAS), e.g.,HMPCAS-HG.

In another embodiment, the polymer(s) is an insoluble cross-linkedpolymer, for example a polyvinylpyrrolidone (e.g., Crospovidone). Inanother embodiment, the polymer(s) is polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).

In some embodiments, the compound (e.g., a compound selected fromCompounds 1 to 7) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, ispresent in the solid dispersion in an amount of from about 10% w/w and90% w/w (e.g., between about 20% w/w and about 80% w/w; between about30% w/w and about 70% w/w; between about 40% w/w and about 60% w/w; orbetween about 15% w/w and about 35% w/w). In some embodiments, thecompound (e.g., a compound selected from Compounds 1 to 7) or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is present in the soliddispersion in an amount of from about 10% w/w to about 80% w/w, forexample from about 30% w/w to about 75% w/w, or from about 40% w/w toabout 65% w/w, or from about 45% w/w to about 55% w/w, for example,about 46% w/w, about 47% w/w, about 48% w/w, about 49% w/w, about 50%w/w, about 51% w/w, about 52% w/w, about 53% w/w, or about 54% w/w. Inthe above embodiments, the remainder of the weight of the composition isrepresented by one or more polymers. In some embodiments, the soliddispersion also includes a surfactant or inert pharmaceuticallyacceptable substance. Examples of surfactants in the solid dispersioninclude sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), vitamin E or a derivative thereof(e.g., vitamin E TPGS), Docusate Sodium, sodium dodecyl sulfate,polysorbates (such as Tween 20 and Tween 80), poloxamers (such asPoloxamer 335 and Poloxamer 407), glyceryl monooleate, Span 65, Span 25,Capryol 90, pluronic copolymers (e.g., Pluronic F108, Pluronic P-123),and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the surfactant is SLS. Insome embodiments, the surfactant is vitamin E or a derivative thereof(e.g., vitamin E TPGS).

In some embodiments, the surfactant is present in the solid dispersionin an amount of from about 0.1% w/w to about 10% w/w, for example fromabout 0.5% w/w to about 2% w/w, or from about 1% w/w to about 3% w/w,from about 1% w/w to about 4% w/w, or from about 1% w/w to about 5% w/w,such that the sum of the weights of active ingredient (e.g., compoundselected from Compounds 1 to 7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof), polymer and surfactant is 100%.

In some embodiments, the solid dispersion may be prepared according to aprocess described herein. In general, methods that could be used includethose that involve rapid removal of solvent or solvent mixture from amixture or cooling a molten sample. Such methods include, but are notlimited to, rotational evaporation, freeze-drying (i.e.,lyophilization), vacuum drying, melt congealing, and melt extrusion. Oneembodiment of this disclosure involves solid dispersion obtained byspray-drying. In one embodiment, the product obtained by spray drying isdried to remove the solvent or solvent mixture.

Preparations disclosed herein, e.g., a pharmaceutical composition, canbe obtained by spray-drying a mixture comprising a compound selectedfrom Compounds 1 to 7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, oneor more polymer(s), and an appropriate solvent or solvent mixture. Spraydrying involves atomization of a liquid mixture containing, e.g., asolid and a solvent or solvent mixture, and removal of the solvent orsolvent mixture. The solvent or solvent mixture can also contain anonvolatile solvent, such as glacial acetic acid. Atomization may bedone, for example, through a two-fluid or pressure or electrosonicnozzle or on a rotating disk.

Techniques and methods for spray-drying may be found in Perry's ChemicalEngineering Handbook, 6th Ed., R. H. Perry, D. W. Green & J. O. Maloney,eds., McGraw-Hill Book Co. (1984); and Marshall “Atomization andSpray-Drying” 50, Chem. Eng. Prog. Monogr. Series 2 (1954). In oneembodiment, the spray-drying is fluidized spray drying (FSD).

In certain embodiments, the process for preparing a solid dispersion ofa compound selected from Compounds 1 to 7 or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof comprises:

-   -   a) forming a mixture of a Compound (e.g., a compound selected        from Compounds 1 to 7) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt        thereof a polymer, and a solvent; and    -   b) spray-drying the mixture to form a solid dispersion        comprising Compound and the polymer.

Post-drying and/or polishing the wet spray dried dispersion to below ICHor given specifications for residual solvents can optionally beperformed.

These processes may be used to prepare the pharmaceutical compositionsdisclosed herein. The amounts and the features of the components used inthe processes may be as disclosed herein or as determined by one ofskill in the art.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprising asolid dispersion may be made by a process described herein. For example,pharmaceutical composition can comprise solid dispersion of: (a) aCompound selected from Compounds 1 to 7 or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof and (b) one or more polymer(s), and optionally one or moresurfactant(s) and optionally one or more additional excipient(s).

The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be orallyadministered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but notlimited to, capsules, tablets, emulsions and aqueous suspensions,dispersions and solutions. In the case of tablets for oral use, carrierswhich are commonly used include lactose and corn starch. Lubricatingagents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added. For oraladministration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose anddried corn starch. When aqueous suspensions and/or emulsions areadministered orally, the active ingredient may be suspended or dissolvedin an oily phase is combined with emulsifying and/or suspending agents.If desired, certain sweetening and/or flavoring and/or coloring agentsmay be added.

In some embodiments, the Compound selected from Compounds 1 to 7, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is orally administered in anamount of from 1 to 5000 mg/day (e.g., 1 to 1000 mg/day, 1000-2000mg/day, 2000-3000 mg/day, 3000-4000 mg/day or 4000-5000 mg/day). In oneembodiment, the compound is administered in an amount from 1-1000 mg/day(e.g., 1-500 mg/day, 500-1000 mg/day). In one embodiment, the compoundis administered in an amount from 1-500 mg/day (e.g., 1-100 mg/day,100-200 mg/day, 200-300 mg/day, 300-400 mg/day, 400-500 mg/day). In oneembodiment, the compound is administered in an amount from 500-1000mg/day (e.g., 500-750 mg/day, 750-1000 mg/day). In one embodiment, thecompound is administered in an amount from 1000-2000 mg/day (e.g.,1000-1500 mg/day, 1500-2000 mg/day). In one embodiment, the compound isadministered in an amount from 2000-3000 mg/day (e.g., 2000-2500 mg/day,2500-3000 mg/day). In one embodiment, the compound is administered in anamount from 3000-4000 mg/day (e.g., 3000-3500 mg/day, 3500-4000 mg/day).In one embodiment, the compound is administered in an amount from4000-5000 mg/day (e.g., 4000-4500 mg/day, 4500-5000 mg/day). In someembodiments, the compound selected from Compounds 1 to 7, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is orally administered in anamount of from 1 to 500 mg/day, 1 to 250 mg/day, 5 to 100 mg/day, 8 to75 mg/day, 10 to 50 mg/day, 15 to 40 mg/day, 20 to 30 mg/day, or about25 mg/day. In some embodiments, the compound selected from Compounds 1to 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is orallyadministered in an amount of from 1 to 500 mg/day, 10 to 250 mg/day, 20to 100 mg/day, 30 to 80 mg/day, 40 to 60 mg/day, 45 to 55 mg/day, orabout 50 mg/day. In some embodiments, the compound selected fromCompounds 1 to 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, isorally administered in an amount of from 1 to 500 mg/day, 20 to 400mg/day, 40 to 200 mg/day, 50 to 150 mg/day, 75 to 125 mg/day, 85 to 115mg/day, 90 to 110 mg/day, or about 100 mg/day. In some embodiments, thecompound selected from Compounds 1 to 7, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, is orally administered in an amount of from 1to 500 mg/day, 50 to 400 mg/day, 100 to 300 mg/day, 150 to 250 mg/day,175 to 225 mg/day, 185 to 215 mg/day, 190 to 210 mg/day, or about 200mg/day. In some embodiments, the compound selected from Compounds 1 to7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is orally administeredin an amount of from 1 to 500 mg/day, 100 to 500 mg/day, 200 to 400mg/day, 250 to 350 mg/day, 275 to 375 mg/day, 285 to 315 mg/day, 290 to310 mg/day, or about 300 mg/day. In some embodiments, a daily dose of acompound selected from Compounds 1 to 7, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, is administered at one time (i.e., administeredin a single dosage form) or in one or more divided doses (i.e.,administered in two or more dosage forms) over a twenty-four (24)period. In some embodiments, the daily dose or each of the divided dosesmay be administered as a single dosage form or as multiple dosage forms(e.g., administering two or more dosage forms at the time of eachadministration) to facilitate administration and patient compliance. Insome embodiments the dosage forms are tablets. In other embodiments thedosage forms are capsules.

In other embodiments, a compound disclosed herein (e.g., a Compoundselected from Compounds 1 to 7), or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, is administered once per day in an amount of about 1 mg, ofabout 5 mg, of about 10 mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 100 mg,about 200 mg about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 500 mg, about 750 mg,about 1000 mg, about 1250 mg, about 1500 mg, about 2000 mg, about 2500mg, about 3000 mg, about 3500 mg, about 4000 mg or about 5000 mg peradministration.

The pharmaceutical compositions of one aspect of this invention may alsobe administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration.These compositions can be prepared by mixing a compound of one aspect ofthis invention with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solidat room temperature but liquid at the rectal temperature and thereforewill melt in the rectum to release the active components. Such materialsinclude, but are not limited to, cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethyleneglycols.

Topical administration of the pharmaceutical compositions of one aspectof this invention is useful when the desired treatment involves areas ororgans readily accessible by topical application. For applicationtopically to the skin, the pharmaceutical composition should beformulated with a suitable ointment containing the active componentssuspended or dissolved in a carrier. Carriers for topical administrationof the compounds of one aspect of this invention include, but are notlimited to, mineral oil, liquid petroleum, white petroleum, propyleneglycol, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax andwater. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical composition can be formulatedwith a suitable lotion or cream containing the active compound suspendedor dissolved in a carrier with suitable emulsifying agents. Suitablecarriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitanmonostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol,2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water. The pharmaceuticalcompositions of one aspect of this invention may also be topicallyapplied to the lower intestinal tract by rectal suppository formulationor in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches arealso included in one aspect of this invention.

The pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be administered bynasal aerosol or inhalation. Such compositions are prepared according totechniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and maybe prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or othersuitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability,fluorocarbons, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known inthe art.

Alternatively, the compounds described herein can, for example, beadministered by injection, intravenously, intraarterially, subdermally,intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously; or orally,buccally, nasally, transmucosally, topically, in an ophthalmicpreparation, or by inhalation, with a dosage ranging from about 0.5 toabout 100 mg/kg of body weight, alternatively dosages between 1 mg and1000 mg/dose, every 4 to 120 hours, or according to the requirements ofthe particular drug. The methods herein contemplate administration of aneffective amount of compound or compound composition to achieve thedesired or stated effect. Typically, the pharmaceutical compositions ofone aspect of this invention will be administered from about 1 to about6 times per day or alternatively, as a continuous infusion. Suchadministration can be used as a chronic or acute therapy. The amount ofactive ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials toproduce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treatedand the particular mode of administration. A typical preparation willcontain from about 5% to about 95% active compound (w/w). Alternatively,such preparations contain from about 20% to about 80% active compound.

Lower or higher doses than those recited above may be required. Specificdosage and treatment regimens for any particular subject will dependupon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specificcompound employed, the age, body weight, general health status, sex,diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, theseverity and course of the disease, condition or symptoms, the subject'sdisposition to the disease, condition or symptoms, and the judgment ofthe treating physician.

Upon improvement of a subject's condition, a maintenance dose of acompound, composition or combination of one aspect of this invention maybe administered, if necessary. Subsequently, the dosage or frequency ofadministration, or both, may be reduced, as a function of the symptoms,to a level at which the improved condition is retained when the symptomshave been alleviated to the desired level. Subjects may, however,require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrenceof disease symptoms.

The pharmaceutical compositions described above comprising a compoundselected from Compounds 1 to 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, or a compound described in any one of the embodiments herein,may further comprise another therapeutic agent useful for treatingcancer.

When the compositions of the present disclosure comprise a combinationof a compound of the formulae described herein and one or moreadditional therapeutic or prophylactic agents, both the compound and theadditional agent should be present at dosage levels of between about 1to 100%, and more preferably between about 5 to 95% of the dosagenormally administered in a monotherapy regimen. The additional agentsmay be administered separately, as part of a multiple dose regimen, fromthe compounds of one aspect of this invention. Alternatively, thoseagents may be part of a single dosage form, mixed together with thecompounds of one aspect of this invention in a single composition.

Methods of Use

Provided is a method for inhibiting mutant IDH1 and/or mutant IDH2activity comprising contacting a subject in need thereof with a compoundselected from Compounds 1 to 7 or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof.

Also provided are methods of treating a cancer characterized by thepresence of a mutant allele of IDH1 comprising the step of administeringto subject in need thereof (a) a compound of the present disclosure(e.g., a Compound selected from Compounds 1 to 7) or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, or (b) a pharmaceutical composition comprising(a) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In one embodiment, the cancer to be treated is characterized by a mutantallele of IDH1 wherein the IDH1 mutation results in a new ability of theenzyme to catalyze the NADPH-dependent reduction of α-ketoglutarate toR(−)-2-(2HG) in a patient. In one aspect of this embodiment, the IDH1mutation is an R132X mutation. In another aspect of this embodiment, theR132X mutation is selected from R132H, R132C, R132L, R132V, R132S andR132G. In another aspect, the R132X mutation is R132 H or R132C. Acancer can be analyzed by sequencing cell samples to determine thepresence and specific nature of (e.g., the changed amino acid presentat) a mutation at amino acid 132 of IDH1.

Without being bound by theory, applicants believe that mutant alleles ofIDH1 wherein the IDH1 mutation results in a new ability of the enzyme tocatalyze the NADPH-dependent reduction of α-ketoglutarate toR(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), and in particular R132H mutations ofIDH1, characterize a subset of all types of cancers, without regard totheir cellular nature or location in the body. Thus, the compounds andmethods of this disclosure are useful to treat any type of cancer thatis characterized by the presence of a mutant allele of IDH1 impartingsuch activity and in particular an IDH1 R132H or R132C mutation.

In one embodiment the cancer is a tumor wherein at least 30, 40, 50, 60,70, 80 or 90% of the tumor cells carry an IDH1 mutation, and inparticular an IDH1 R132H or R132C mutation, at the time of diagnosis ortreatment.

IDH1 R132X mutations are known to occur in certain types of cancers asindicated in Table 1, below.

TABLE 1 IDH mutations associated with certain cancers IDH1 R132X CancerType Mutation Tumor Type brain tumors R132H primary tumor R132C primarytumor R132S primary tumor R132G primary tumor R132L primary tumor R132Vprimary tumor fibrosarcoma R132C HT1080 fibrosarcoma cell line AcuteMyeloid R132H primary tumor Leukemia (AML) R132G primary tumor R132Cprimary tumor Prostate cancer R132H primary tumor R132C primary tumorAcute lymphoblastic R132C primary tumor leukemia (ALL) paragangliomasR132C primary tumor

IDH1 R132H mutations have been identified in gliomas (including lowgrade glioma), glioblastoma (including secondary glioblastoma), acutemyelogenous leukemia, sarcoma, melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer,cholangiocarcinomas, chondrosarcoma, myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS),myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), colon cancer, and angio-immunoblasticnon-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Accordingly, in one embodiment, themethods described herein are used to treat glioma (including low gradeglioma), glioblastoma (including secondary glioblastoma), grade II andIII astrocytomas, grade II and III oligodendrogliomas, acute myelogenousleukemia, sarcoma, melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC),cholangiocarcinomas, chondrosarcoma, myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS),myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), colon cancer, or angio-immunoblasticnon-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in a patient.

In another embodiment, the methods described herein are used to treatglioma (including low grade glioma), glioblastoma (including secondaryglioblastoma), grade II and III astrocytomas, grade II and IIIoligodendrogliomas, acute myelogenous leukemia, sarcoma, melanoma,non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), cholangiocarcinomas (e.g.,intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC)), chondrosarcoma, myelodysplasticsyndromes (MDS), myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), prostate cancer,chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), B-acute lymphoblastic leukemias(B-ALL), B-acute lymphoblastic leukemias (B-ALL), myeloid sarcoma,multiple myeloma, lymphoma colon cancer, or angio-immunoblasticnon-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in a patient.

In another embodiment, the methods described herein are used to treatadvanced hematologic malignancies. In one embodiment, the advancedhematologic malignancy to be treated is lymphoma (e.g., Non-Hodgkinlymphoma (NHL) such B-cell lymphoma (e.g., Burkitt lymphoma, chroniclymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLIJSLL), diffuse largeB-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, immunoblastic large cell lymphoma,precursor B-lymphoblastic lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma) and T-celllymphoma (e.g., mycosis fungoides, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, andprecursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma).

Accordingly, in one embodiment, the cancer is a cancer selected from anyone of the cancer types listed in Table 1 or as further describedherein, and the IDH R132X mutation is one or more of the IDH1 R132Xmutations listed in Table1 for that particular cancer type.

Also provided is a method for inhibiting a mutant IDH2 activitycomprising contacting a subject in need thereof with a compound of thepresent disclosure (e.g., a Compound selected from Compounds 1 to 7), ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Also provided are methods of treating a cancer characterized by thepresence of a mutant allele of IDH2 comprising the step of administeringto subject in need thereof (a) a compound of the disclosure (e.g., aCompound selected from Compounds 1 to 7), or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, or (b) a pharmaceutical composition comprising(a) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In one embodiment, the cancer to be treated is characterized by a mutantallele of IDH2 wherein the IDH2 mutation results in a new ability of theenzyme to catalyze the NADPH-dependent reduction of α-ketoglutarate toR(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) in a patient. In one aspect of thisembodiment, the mutant IDH2 has an R140X mutation. In another aspect ofthis embodiment, the R140X mutation is a R140Q mutation. In anotheraspect of this embodiment, the R140X mutation is a R140W mutation. Inanother aspect of this embodiment, the R140X mutation is a R140Lmutation. In another aspect of this embodiment, the mutant IDH2 has anR172X mutation. In another aspect of this embodiment, the R172X mutationis a R172K mutation. In another aspect of this embodiment, the R172Xmutation is a R172G mutation. A cancer can be analyzed by sequencingcell samples to determine the presence and specific nature of (e.g., thechanged amino acid present at) a mutation at amino acid 140 and/or 172of IDH2.

Without being bound by theory, applicants believe that mutant alleles ofIDH2 wherein the IDH2 mutation results in a new ability of the enzyme tocatalyze the NADPH-dependent reduction of α-ketoglutarate toR(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), and in particular R140Q and/or R172Kmutations of IDH2, characterize a subset of all types of cancers,without regard to their cellular nature or location in the body. Thus,the compounds and methods of one aspect of this invention are useful totreat any type of cancer that is characterized by the presence of amutant allele of IDH2 imparting such activity and in particular an IDH2R140Q and/or R172K mutation.

In one embodiment the cancer is a tumor wherein at least 30, 40, 50, 60,70, 80 or 90% of the tumor cells carry an IDH2 mutation, and inparticular an IDH2 R140Q, R140W, or R140L and/or R172K or R172Gmutation, at the time of diagnosis or treatment.

In another embodiment, one aspect of the invention provides a method oftreating a cancer selected from glioma (including low grade glioma),glioblastoma (including secondary glioblastoma), grade II and IIIastrocytomas, grade II and III oligodendrogliomas myelodysplasticsyndrome (MDS), myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), acute myelogenousleukemia (AML), sarcoma, melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer,chondrosarcoma, cholangiocarcinomas or angioimmunoblastic lymphoma in apatient by administering to the patient a compound of the presentdisclosure (e.g., a Compound selected from Compounds 1 to 7) or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount effective to treatthe cancer. In a more specific embodiment, the cancer to be treated isglioma (including low grade glioma), glioblastoma (including secondaryglioblastoma), grade II and III astrocytomas, grade II and IIIoligodendrogliomas myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), myeloproliferativeneoplasm (MPN), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), melanoma,chondrosarcoma, or angioimmunoblastic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL).

Treatment methods described herein can additionally comprise variousevaluation steps prior to and/or following treatment with a compound ofthe present disclosure (e.g., a Compound selected from Compounds 1 to 7)or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, prior to and/or after treatment with a compound ofthe present disclosure (e.g., a Compound selected from Compounds 1 to 7)or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the method furthercomprises the step of evaluating the growth, size, weight, invasiveness,stage and/or other phenotype of the cancer using one or more techniquesknown and used by those skilled in the art.

In one embodiment, prior to and/or after treatment with a compound ofthe present disclosure (e.g., a Compound selected from Compounds 1 to 7)or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the method furthercomprises the step of evaluating the IDH1 or IDH2 genotype of thecancer. This may be achieved by ordinary methods in the art, such as DNAsequencing, immuno analysis, and/or evaluation of the presence,distribution or level of R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG).

In one embodiment, prior to and/or after treatment with a compound ofthe present disclosure (e.g., a Compound selected from Compounds 1 to 7)or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the method furthercomprises the step of determining the R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG)level in the subject. This may be achieved by spectroscopic analysis,e.g., magnetic resonance-based analysis, e.g., MRI and/or MRSmeasurement, sample analysis of bodily fluid, such as serum or spinalcord fluid analysis, or by analysis of surgical material, e.g., bymass-spectroscopy.

In one aspect of this embodiment, the efficacy of cancer treatment ismonitored by measuring the levels of R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) inthe subject. Typically, levels of R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) aremeasured prior to treatment, wherein an elevated level ofR(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) (together with confirmed IDH mutantstatus) is used to confirm eligibility for the use of a compound of thepresent disclosure (e.g., a Compound selected from Compounds 1 to 7) ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to treat the cancer. Once theelevated levels are established, the level of R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate(2HG) is determined during the course of and/or following termination oftreatment to establish target engagement (i.e., inhibition of mutant IDHby administration of a compound of the present disclosure or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof). In certain embodiments, thelevel of R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) is only determined during thecourse of and/or following termination of treatment. A reduction ofR(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) levels during the course of treatment andfollowing treatment is indicative of target engagement. Typically,R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) measurements will be utilized togetherwith other well-known determinations of efficacy of cancer treatment,such as reduction in number and size of tumors and/or othercancer-associated lesions, improvement in the general health of thesubject, and alterations in other biomarkers that are associated withcancer treatment efficacy.

R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) can be detected in a sample by LC/MS. Thesample is mixed 80:20 with methanol and centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 20minutes at 4 degrees Celsius. The resulting supernatant can be collectedand stored at −80 degrees Celsius prior to LC-MS/MS to assess2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) levels. A variety of different liquidchromatography (LC) separation methods can be used. Each method can becoupled by negative electrospray ionization (ESI, −3.0 kV) totriple-quadrupole mass spectrometers operating in multiple reactionmonitoring (MRM) mode, with MS parameters optimized on infusedmetabolite standard solutions. Metabolites can be separated by reversedphase chromatography using 10 mM tributyl-amine as an ion pairing agentin the aqueous mobile phase, according to a variant of a previouslyreported method (Luo et al. J Chromatogr A 1147, 153-64, 2007). Onemethod allows resolution of TCA metabolites: t=0, 50% B; t=5, 95% B;t=7, 95% B; t=8, 0% B, where B refers to an organic mobile phase of 100%methanol. Another method is specific for 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG),running a fast linear gradient from 50%-95% B (buffers as defined above)over 5 minutes. A Synergi Hydro-RP, 100 mm×2 mm, 2.1 μm particle size(Phenomonex) can be used as the column, as described above. Metabolitescan be quantified by comparison of peak areas with pure metabolitestandards at known concentration. Metabolite flux studies from¹³C-glutamine can be performed as described, e.g., in Munger et al. NatBiotechnol 26, 1179-86, 2008.

In one embodiment the concentration of R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) isevaluated prior to treatment with a compound of the present disclosure(e.g., a Compound selected from Compounds 1 to 7) or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof. In another embodiment the concentration ofR(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) is evaluated after treatment with acompound disclosed herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.In some embodiments the evaluation of R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) isperformed using a biological fluid of a human patient. In otherembodiments the evaluation of R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) is performedusing biological material from a biopsy or tissue sample from a humanpatient. In some aspects the biopsy or tissue sample is from a braintumor from a human patient. In some embodiments the biopsy or tissuesample is taken from the human patient before treatment with a compoundof the present disclosure or after treatment with a compound of thepresent disclosure or both before and after treatment with a compound ofthe present disclosure.

In another embodiment a derivative of R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG)formed in process of performing the analytic method is evaluated. By wayof example such a derivative can be a derivative formed in MS analysis.Derivatives can include a salt adduct, e.g., a Na adduct, a hydrationvariant, or a hydration variant which is also a salt adduct, e.g., a Naadduct, e.g., as formed in MS analysis.

In another embodiment a metabolic derivative of R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate(2HG) is evaluated. Examples include species that build up or areelevated, or reduced, as a result of the presence ofR(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), such as glutarate or glutamate that willbe correlated to R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), e.g., R-2HG.

Exemplary R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) derivatives include dehydratedderivatives such as the compounds provided below or a salt adductthereof:

Also provided are methods of treating a disease selected from Maffuccisyndrome and Ollier disease, characterized by the presence of a mutantallele of IDH1 comprising the step of administering to subject in needthereof (a) a compound of the present disclosure (e.g., a Compoundselected from Compounds 1 to 7), or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, or (b) a pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Brain Tumors Treated by Methods of the Invention

In one aspect, the methods of the invention are useful for treatingbrain tumors. This includes all tumors inside the human skull (cranium)or in the central spinal canal. The tumor may originate from the brainitself, but also from lymphatic tissue, blood vessels, the cranialnerves, the brain envelopes (meninges), skull, pituitary gland, orpineal gland. Within the brain itself, the involved cells may be neuronsor glial cells (which include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, andependymal cells). Brain tumors may also spread from cancers primarilylocated in other organs (metastatic tumors).

In some embodiments, the brain tumor is a glioma, such as an ependymoma,astrocytoma, oligoastrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ganglioglioma,glioblastoma (also known as glioblastoma multiforme), or mixed glioma.Gliomas are primary brain tumors and are classified into four grades (I,II, III, and IV) based on their appearance under a microscope, andparticularly the presence of atypical cells, mitoses, endothelialproliferation, and necrosis. Grade I and II tumors, termed “low-gradegliomas,” have none or one of these features and include diffuseastrocytomas, pilocytic astrocytomas, low-grade astrocytomas, low-gradeoligoastrocytomas, low-grade oligodendrogliomas, gangliogliomas,dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas,and mixed gliomas. Grade III and IV tumors, termed “high-grade gliomas,”have two or more of these features and include anaplastic astrocytomas,anaplastic oligodendrogliomas, anaplastic oligoastrocytomas, anaplasticependymomas, and glioblastomas (including giant cell glioblastomas andgliosarcomas). In one aspect of these embodiments, the glioma is a lowgrade glioma. In another aspect of these embodiments, the glioma is ahigh grade glioma. In another aspect of these embodiments, the glioma isa glioblastoma(including secondary glioblastoma). In some embodiments,the brain tumor is a grade II or III astrocytoma. In some embodiments,the brain tumor is a grade II or III oligodendroglioma.

In further embodiments the brain tumor (e.g., glioma (including lowgrade glioma), glioblastoma (including secondary glioblastoma), grade IIor III astrocytoma, grade II or III oligodendroglioma is newlydiagnosed. In still further embodiments the brain tumor (e.g., glioma(including low grade glioma), glioblastoma (including secondaryglioblastoma), grade II or III astrocytomas, grade II or IIIoligodendroglioma) has been pre-treated with one or more therapeuticmodalities including surgery, radiation therapy, or one or moreadditional therapeutic agents. In other embodiments the brain tumor(e.g., glioma (including low grade glioma), glioblastoma (includingsecondary glioblastoma), grade II or III astrocytoma, grade II or IIIoligodendroglioma) has not been treated with radiation therapy.

In some embodiments, the brain tumor (e.g., glioma (including low gradeglioma), glioblastoma (including secondary glioblastoma), grade II orIII astrocytoma, grade II or III oligodendroglioma) to be treated ischaracterized by the presence of an IDH1 mutation, wherein the IDH1mutation results in accumulation of R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) in apatient. In one aspect of these embodiments, the IDH1 mutation resultsin accumulation of R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) in a patient byproviding a new ability of the enzyme to catalyze the NADPH-dependentreduction of α-ketoglutarate to R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) in apatient. In another aspect of these embodiments, the IDH1 mutation is anR132X mutation. In another aspect of these embodiments, the R132Xmutation is selected from R132H, R132C, R132L, R132V, R132S and R132G.In another aspect of these embodiments, the R132X mutation is R132 H orR132C. In yet another aspect of these embodiments, the R132X mutation isR132H. In still another aspect of these embodiments, at least 30, 40,50, 60, 70, 80 or 90% of the brain tumor (e.g., glioma (including lowgrade glioma), glioblastoma (including secondary glioblastoma), grade IIor III astrocytoma, grade II or III oligodendroglioma) cells carry anIDH1 R132X mutation, such as an R132H, R132C, R132L, R132V, R132S orR132G mutation, at the time of diagnosis or treatment. A brain tumor(e.g., glioma (including low grade glioma), glioblastoma (includingsecondary glioblastoma), grade II or III astrocytoma, grade II or IIIoligodendroglioma) can be analyzed by sequencing cell samples todetermine the presence and specific nature of (e.g., the changed aminoacid present at) a mutation at amino acid 132 of IDH1.

In other embodiments, the brain tumor (e.g., glioma (including low gradeglioma), glioblastoma (including secondary glioblastoma), grade II orIII astrocytoma, grade II or III oligodendroglioma) to be treated ischaracterized by the presence of an IDH2 mutation, wherein the IDH2mutation results in accumulation of R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) in apatient. In one aspect of these embodiments, the IDH2 mutation resultsin accumulation of R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) in a patient byproviding a new ability of the enzyme to catalyze the NADPH dependentreduction of a ketoglutarate to R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) in apatient. In another aspect of these embodiments, the mutant IDH2 has anR140X mutation. In another aspect of these embodiments, the R140Xmutation is a R140Q mutation. In another aspect of these embodiments,the R140X mutation is a R140W mutation. In another aspect of theseembodiments, the R140X mutation is a R140L mutation. In another aspectof these embodiments, the mutant IDH2 has an R172X mutation. In anotheraspect of these embodiments, the R172X mutation is a R172K mutation. Inanother aspect of these embodiments, the R172X mutation is a R172Gmutation. In still another aspect of these embodiments, at least 30, 40,50, 60, 70, 80 or 90% of the brain tumor (e.g., glioma (including lowgrade glioma), glioblastoma (including secondary glioblastoma), grade IIor III astrocytoma, grade II or III oligodendroglioma) cells carry anIDH2 R140X and/or R172X mutation, such as an R140Q, R140W, or R140Land/or R172K or R172G mutation, at the time of diagnosis or treatment. Abrain tumor (e.g., glioma (including low grade glioma), glioblastoma(including secondary glioblastoma), grade II or III astrocytoma, gradeII or III oligodendroglioma) can be analyzed by sequencing cell samplesto determine the presence and specific nature of (e.g., the changedamino acid present at) a mutation at amino acid 140 and/or 172 of IDH2.

In still other embodiments, the brain tumor (e.g., glioma (including lowgrade glioma), glioblastoma (including secondary glioblastoma), grade IIor III astrocytoma, grade II or III oligodendroglioma) to be treated ischaracterized by the presence of an IDH1 mutation and an IDH2 mutation,wherein the IDH1 and IDH2 mutations collectively result in accumulationof R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) in a patient. In one aspect of theseembodiments, the IDH1 and IDH2 mutations result in accumulation ofR(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) in a patient by providing a new ability ofthe enzyme to catalyze the NADPH dependent reduction of a ketoglutarateto R(−)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) in a patient. In various aspects ofthese embodiments, the IDH1 mutation is an R132X mutation selected fromR132H, R132C, R132L, R132V, R132S and R132G. In various aspects of theseembodiments, the IDH2 mutation is an R140Q, R140W, R140L, R172K or R172Gmutation. In various other aspects of these embodiments, the brain tumor(e.g., glioma (including low grade glioma), glioblastoma (includingsecondary glioblastoma), grade II or III astrocytoma, grade II or IIIoligodendroglioma) to be treated is characterized by any combination ofthe foregoing IDH1 and IDH2 mutations. In still other aspects of theseembodiments, at least 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 or 90% of the brain tumor(e.g., glioma (including low grade glioma), glioblastoma (includingsecondary glioblastoma), grade II or III astrocytoma, grade II or IIIoligodendroglioma) cells carry an IDH1 R132X mutation, such as an R132H,R132C, R132L, R132V, R132S or R132G mutation, and an IDH2 R140X and/orR172X mutation, such as an R140Q, R140W, or R140L and/or R172K or R172Gmutation, at the time of diagnosis or treatment. A brain tumor (e.g.,glioma (including low grade glioma), glioblastoma (including secondaryglioblastoma), grade II or III astrocytoma, grade II or IIIoligodendroglioma) can be analyzed by sequencing cell samples todetermine the presence and specific nature of (e.g., the changed aminoacid present at) a mutation at amino acid 132 of IDH1 and at amino acid140 and/or 172 of IDH2.

In still other embodiments, the brain tumor (e.g., glioma (including lowgrade glioma), glioblastoma (including secondary glioblastoma), grade IIor III astrocytoma, grade II or III oligodendroglioma) to be treated ischaracterized by the presence of an IDH1 allele that does not include anR132X mutation and an IDH2 allele that does not include an R140X orR172X mutation. In one aspect of these embodiments, at least 90% of thebrain tumor (e.g., glioma (including low grade glioma), glioblastoma(including secondary glioblastoma), grade II or III astrocytoma, gradeII or III oligodendroglioma) cells do not include a mutation at aminoacid 132 of IDH1 or at amino acid 140 or 172 of IDH2 at the time ofdiagnosis or treatment. A brain tumor (e.g., glioma (including low gradeglioma), glioblastoma (including secondary glioblastoma), grade II orIII astrocytoma, grade II or III oligodendroglioma) can be analyzed bysequencing cell samples to determine the presence or absence of amutation at amino acid 132 of IDH1 and at amino acid 140 and/or 172 ofIDH2.

Combination Therapies

In some embodiments, the methods described herein comprise theadditional step of co-administering to a subject in need thereof anadditional therapeutic modality (e.g., an additional cancer therapeuticagent, an additional therapeutic agent to minimize the symptoms of thecancer or the side effects of the cancer treatment or an additionalcancer treatment). Exemplary additional cancer therapeutic agents(anti-cancer medications) include for example, chemotherapy withcytotoxic or cytostatic agents, targeted therapy (targeted medications),antibody therapies, immunotherapy, and hormonal therapy. Exemplaryadditional therapeutic agents (medications) to minimize symptoms andside effects include, for example, anti-epileptic medications,anti-seizure medications and anti-emesis medications. Additional cancertreatments include, for example, surgery, and radiation therapy.Examples of each of these treatments are provided below.

The term “co-administering” as used herein with respect to an additionalcancer therapeutic agents means that the additional cancer therapeuticagent may be administered together with a compound of one aspect of thisinvention as part of a single dosage form (such as a composition of oneaspect of this invention comprising a compound of one aspect of theinvention and an second therapeutic agent as described above) or asseparate, multiple dosage forms. Alternatively, the additional cancertherapeutic agent may be administered prior to, consecutively with, orfollowing the administration of a compound of one aspect of thisinvention. In such combination therapy treatment, both the compounds ofone aspect of this invention and the second therapeutic agent(s) areadministered by conventional methods. The administration of acomposition of one aspect of this invention, comprising both a compoundof one aspect of the invention and a second therapeutic agent, to asubject does not preclude the separate administration of that sametherapeutic agent, any other second therapeutic agent or any compound ofone aspect of this invention to said subject at another time during acourse of treatment. The term “co-administering” as used herein withrespect to an additional cancer treatment means that the additionalcancer treatment may occur prior to, consecutively with, concurrentlywith or following the administration of a compound of one aspect of thisinvention.

In some embodiments, the additional cancer therapeutic agent is achemotherapy agent. Examples of chemotherapeutic agents used in cancertherapy include, for example, antimetabolites (e.g., folic acid, purine,and pyrimidine derivatives), alkylating agents (e.g., nitrogen mustards,nitrosoureas, platinum, alkyl sulfonates, hydrazines, triazenes,aziridines, spindle poison, cytotoxic agents, topoisomerase inhibitorsand others), and hypomethylating agents (e.g., decitabine(5-aza-deoxycytidine), zebularine, isothiocyanates, azacitidine(5-azacytidine), 5-flouro-2′-deoxycytidine, 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidineand others). Exemplary agents include Aclarubicin, Actinomycin,Alitretinoin, Altretamine, Aminopterin, Aminolevulinic acid, Amrubicin,Amsacrine, Anagrelide, Arsenic trioxide, Asparaginase, Atrasentan,Belotecan, Bexarotene, bendamustine, Bleomycin, Bortezomib, Busulfan,Camptothecin, Capecitabine, Carboplatin, Carboquone, Carmofur,Carmustine, Celecoxib, Chlorambucil, Chlormethine, Cisplatin,Cladribine, Clofarabine, Crisantaspase, Cyclophosphamide, Cytarabine,Dacarbazine, Dactinomycin, Daunorubicin, Decitabine, Demecolcine,Docetaxel, Doxorubicin, Efaproxiral, Elesclomol, Elsamitrucin,Enocitabine, Epirubicin, Estramustine, Etoglucid, Etoposide,Floxuridine, Fludarabine, Fluorouracil (5FU), Fotemustine, Gemcitabine,Gliadel implants, Hydroxycarbamide, Hydroxyurea, Idarubicin, Ifosfamide,Irinotecan, Irofulven, Ixabepilone, Larotaxel, Leucovorin, Liposomaldoxorubicin, Liposomal daunorubicin, Lonidamine, Lomustine, Lucanthone,Mannosulfan, Masoprocol, Melphalan, Mercaptopurine, Mesna, Methotrexate,Methyl aminolevulinate, Mitobronitol, Mitoguazone, Mitotane, Mitomycin,Mitoxantrone, Nedaplatin, Nimustine, Oblimersen, Omacetaxine, Ortataxel,Oxaliplatin, Paclitaxel, Pegaspargase, Pemetrexed, Pentostatin,Pirarubicin, Pixantrone, Plicamycin, Porfimer sodium, Prednimustine,Procarbazine, Raltitrexed, Ranimustine, Rubitecan, Sapacitabine,Semustine, Sitimagene ceradenovec, Strataplatin, Streptozocin,Talaporfin, Tegafur-uracil, Temoporfin, Temozolomide, Teniposide,Tesetaxel, Testolactone, Tetranitrate, Thiotepa, Tiazofurine,Tioguanine, Tipifarnib, Topotecan, Trabectedin, Triaziquone,Triethylenemelamine, Triplatin, Tretinoin, Treosulfan, Trofosfamide,Uramustine, Valrubicin, Verteporfin, Vinblastine, Vincristine,Vindesine, Vinflunine, Vinorelbine, Vorinostat, Zorubicin, and othercytostatic or cytotoxic agents described herein.

Because some drugs work better together than alone, two or more drugsare often given at the same time. Often, two or more chemotherapy agentsare used as combination chemotherapy.

In some embodiments, the additional cancer therapeutic agent is adifferentiation agent. Such differentiation agent includes retinoids(such as all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), 9-cis retinoic acid,13-cis-retinoic acid (13-cRA) and 4-hydroxy-phenretinamide (4-HPR));arsenic trioxide; histone deacetylase inhibitors HDACs (such asazacytidine (Vidaza) and butyrates (e.g., sodium phenylbutyrate));hybrid polar compounds (such as hexamethylene bisacetamide ((HMBA));vitamin D; and cytokines (such as colony-stimulating factors includingG-CSF and GM-CSF, and interferons).

In some embodiments the additional cancer therapeutic agent is atargeted therapy agent. Targeted therapy constitutes the use of agentsspecific for the deregulated proteins of cancer cells. Small moleculetargeted therapy drugs are generally inhibitors of enzymatic domains onmutated, overexpressed, or otherwise critical proteins within the cancercell. Prominent examples are the tyrosine kinase inhibitors such asAxitinib, Bosutinib, Cediranib, dasatinib, erlotinib, imatinib,gefitinib, lapatinib, Lestaurtinib, Nilotinib, Semaxanib, Sorafenib,Sunitinib, and Vandetanib, and also cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitorssuch as Alvocidib and Seliciclib. Monoclonal antibody therapy is anotherstrategy in which the therapeutic agent is an antibody whichspecifically binds to a protein on the surface of the cancer cells.Examples include the anti-HER2/neu antibody trastuzumab (HERCEPTIN®)typically used in breast cancer, and the anti-CD20 antibody rituximaband Tositumomab typically used in a variety of B-cell malignancies.Other exemplary antibodies include Cetuximab, Panitumumab, Trastuzumab,Alemtuzumab, Bevacizumab, Edrecolomab, and Gemtuzumab. Exemplary fusionproteins include Aflibercept and Denileukin diftitox. In someembodiments, the targeted therapy can be used in combination with acompound described herein, e.g., a biguanide such as metformin orphenformin, preferably phenformin.

Targeted therapy can also involve small peptides as “homing devices”which can bind to cell surface receptors or affected extracellularmatrix surrounding the tumor. Radionuclides which are attached to thesepeptides (e.g., RGDs) eventually kill the cancer cell if the nuclidedecays in the vicinity of the cell. An example of such therapy includesBEXXAR®.

In some embodiments, the additional cancer therapeutic agent is animmunotherapy agent. Cancer immunotherapy refers to a diverse set oftherapeutic strategies designed to induce the subject's own immunesystem to fight the tumor. Contemporary methods for generating an immuneresponse against tumors include intravesicular BCG immunotherapy forsuperficial bladder cancer, and use of interferons and other cytokinesto induce an immune response in renal cell carcinoma and melanomasubjects.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can be considered aform of immunotherapy, since the donor's immune cells will often attackthe tumor in a graft-versus-tumor effect. In some embodiments, theimmunotherapy agents can be used in combination with a compound orcomposition described herein.

In some embodiments, the additional cancer therapeutic agent is ahormonal therapy agent. The growth of some cancers can be inhibited byproviding or blocking certain hormones. Common examples ofhormone-sensitive tumors include certain types of breast and prostatecancers. Removing or blocking estrogen or testosterone is often animportant additional treatment. In certain cancers, administration ofhormone agonists, such as progestogens may be therapeuticallybeneficial. In some embodiments, the hormonal therapy agents can be usedin combination with a compound or a composition described herein.

Other possible additional therapeutic modalities include imatinib, genetherapy, peptide and dendritic cell vaccines, synthetic chlorotoxins,and radiolabeled drugs and antibodies.

Additional Therapeutic Modalities for Brain Cancers

Additional Therapeutic Modalities to be used in combination with themethods for treating brain cancers described herein include thosetherapeutic modalities (e.g., surgery, radiation, therapeuticagents/medications) that are known to be useful for treating braintumors, i.e., having a therapeutic effect on, alleviating one or moresymptoms of, altering the progression of, eradicating, reducing the sizeof, slowing or inhibiting the growth of, delaying or minimizing one ormore symptoms associated with, reducing the malignancy of, or inducingstasis of the brain tumor, or alleviating or minimizing one or more sideeffects associated with another therapy applied or administered to treatthe brain tumor.

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic modality is surgery.

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic modality is radiationtherapy. In some embodiments, the radiation therapy is administered in amanner consistent with the National Comprehensive Cancer NetworkClinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (e.g., dose and schedule ofadministration), version 1.2016 available at nccn.org. In someembodiments, the radiation therapy is administered in a cumulative doseof 20-100 Gy, or 30-80 Gy, or 30-60 Gy, or 40-70 Gy, or 40-60 Gy, or30-40 Gy, or 40-50 Gy, or 50-60 Gy, or 45-55 Gy, in 1.0-5.0 Gyfractions, or 1.5-3.0 Gy fractions, or 1.0-1.5 Gy fractions, or 1.5-2.0Gy fractions, or 2.0-2.5 Gy fractions, or 2.5-3.0 Gy fractions, or1.8-2.0 Gy fractions, or 1.8 Gy fractions, or 2.0 Gy fractions. In someembodiments, the radiation therapy is administered in a cumulative doseof 50-70 Gy in 1.5-2.5 Gy fractions, or 60 Gy in 2.0 Gy fractions. Thecumulative dose refers to the total of all of the fractional doses givenduring a course of treatment.

The dose of radiation therapy may be selected based on the nature of thebrain tumor. In some embodiments where the brain tumor is a low gradeglioma, the radiation therapy is administered in a cumulative dose of40-50 Gy in 1.5-2.5 Gy fractions, or in a cumulative dose of 45-54 Gy in1.8-2.0 Gy fractions, or in a cumulative dose of 45.5 Gy in 1.8-2.0 Gyfractions. In some embodiments where the brain tumor is a high gradeglioma, the radiation therapy is administered in a cumulative dose of50-70 Gy in 1.5-2.5 Gy fractions, or in a cumulative dose of 59.4 Gy in1.8 Gy fractions, or in a cumulative dose of 55.8-59.4 Gy in 1.8 Gyfractions, or in a cumulative dose of 57 Gy in 1.9 Gy fractions, or in acumulative dose of 60 Gy in 1.8-2.0 Gy fractions, or 25 Gy in 5.0 Gyfractions. In some embodiments where the brain tumor is a glioblastoma,the radiation therapy is administered in a cumulative dose of 30-60 Gyin 2.0-4.0 Gy fractions, or in a cumulative dose of 34 Gy in 3.4 Gyfractions, or in a cumulative dose of 35-45 Gy in 2.5-3.0 Gy fractions,or in a cumulative dose of 50 Gy in 2.5 Gy fractions.

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic modality is one or moreadditional therapeutic agents.

In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agentsinclude one or more of an additional cancer therapy (i.e., anti-cancermedication) (e.g., DNA-reactive agent, a PARP inhibitor, animmunotherapy (e.g., a checkpoint inhibitor), PVC chemotherapy, anantibody therapy (e.g., bevacizumab), gemcitabine), an anti-emesisagent, an anti-convulsant or anti-epileptic agent.

In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is anadditional cancer therapy (e.g., an anti-cancer medication).

In some embodiments, the additional cancer therapy is a DNA-reactiveagent. As used herein, “DNA-reactive agents” are those agents, such asalkylating agents, cross-linking agents, and DNA intercalating agents,which interact covalently or non-covalently with cellular DNA. Forexample, DNA-reactive agents include adozelesin, altretamine, bizelesin,busulfan, carboplatin, carboquone, carmustine, chlorambucil, cisplatin,cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine, estramustine, fotemustine, hepsulfam,ifosfamide, improsulfan, irofulven, lomustine, mechlorethamine,melphalan, mitozolomide, nedaplatin, oxaliplatin, piposulfan,procarbazine, semustine, streptozocin, temozolomide, thiotepa,treosulfan, diethylnitrosoamine, benzo(a)pyrene, doxorubicin,mitomycin-C, and the like. Many of these DNA-reactive agents are usefulin cancer therapy as DNA-reactive chemotherapeutic agents.

In some embodiments, the DNA-reactive agent is temozolomide (TMZ). Inone aspect of these embodiments, the TMZ is administered in a mannerconsistent with the National Comprehensive Cancer Network ClinicalPractice Guidelines in Oncology (e.g., dose and schedule ofadministration), version 1.2016 available at nccn.org. In one aspect ofthese embodiments, the TMZ is administered in a manner consistent withthe prescribing information for TEMODAR® (temozolomide) Capsules andTEMODAR® (temozolomide) for Injection. In some aspects of theseembodiments, the TMZ is administered in a daily dose of 100-250 mg/m2based on the patient's body surface area, or 100-150 mg/m2, or 150-200mg/m2, or 200-250 mg/m2. In some aspects of these embodiments, the TMZis administered in a daily dose of 50-100 mg/m2 based on the patient'sbody surface area, or 50-75 mg/m2, or 75-100 mg/m2, or 60-90 mg/m2, or65-85 mg/m2, or 70-80 mg/m2. In some aspects of these embodiments, theTMZ is administered in a daily dose of 125-175 mg/m2 based on thepatient's body surface area for 5 consecutive days of a 28-day treatmentcycle. In some aspects of these embodiments, the TMZ is administered incombination with radiation therapy in a daily dose of 50-100 mg/m2 basedon the patient's body surface area, or 50-75 mg/m2, or 75-100 mg/m2, or60-90 mg/m2, or 65-85 mg/m2, or 70-80 mg/m2. In some aspects of theseembodiments, the TMZ is administered in combination with radiationtherapy in a daily dose of 70-80 mg/m2 based on the patient's bodysurface area for 42 days. In some aspects of these embodiments where thebrain tumor is a high grade glioma or glioblastoma, the TMZ isadministered in combination with radiation therapy in a daily dose of70-80 mg/m2 based on the patient's body surface area for 42 days. Insome aspects of these embodiments where the brain tumor is an anaplasticastrocytoma, the TMZ is administered in a daily dose of 125-175 mg/m2based on the patient's body surface area for 5 consecutive days of a28-day treatment cycle. In some aspects of these embodiments where thebrain tumor is an anaplastic astrocytoma, the TMZ is administered in adaily dose of 175-225 mg/m2 based on the patient's body surface area for5 consecutive days of a 28-day treatment cycle.

In some embodiments, the one or more additional cancer therapies(anti-cancer medications) is a PARP inhibitor. As used herein, “PARPinhibitor” refers to an inhibitor of the enzyme poly ADP ribosepolymerase (PARP). Examples of PARP inhibitors include pamiparib,olaparib, rucaparib, velaparib, iniparib, talazoparib, niraparib, andthe like.

In some embodiments, the one or more additional cancer therapies(anti-cancer medications) is an immunotherapy, for example a checkpointinhibitor. As used herein, “checkpoint inhibitor” refers to atherapeutic agent that inhibits an immune checkpoint (e.g., CTLA-4,PD-1/PD-L1, and the like) that otherwise would prevent immune systemattacks on cancer cells, thereby allowing the immune system to attackthe cancer cells. Examples of check point inhibitors include ipilimumab,nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab, BGB-A317,spartalizumab, and the like.

In some embodiments, the one or more additional cancer therapies(anti-cancer medications) is PVC chemotherapy. As used herein, “PVCchemotherapy” refers to a chemotherapy regimen comprising the combinedadministration of procarbazine, lomustine (which is sold under the tradename CCNU®), and vincristine (which is sold under the trade nameOnocovin®). Typically, the vincristine is administered intravenously,while the procarbazine, and lomustine are administered orally. PCVchemotherapy often is administered in cycles, wherein each cyclecomprises a single administration of vincristine and lomustine and a10-day course of treatment with procarbazine.

In some embodiments, the one or more additional cancer therapies(anti-cancer medications) is an antibody, for example bevacizumab.Bevacizumab, which is sold under the trade name Avastin®, is arecombinant humanized monoclonal antibody.

In some embodiments, the one or more additional cancer therapies(anti-cancer medications) is gemcitabine. Gemcitabine, which is soldunder the trade name Gemzar®, is a pyrimidine nucleoside analog.

In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is ananti-emesis agent. As used herein, “anti-emesis agent” refers to a drugthat is effective to reduce vomiting and nausea symptoms. Examples ofanti-emesis agents include 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (e.g., dolasetron,granisetron, ondansetron, tropisetron, palonosetron, mirtazapine, andthe like), dopamine agonists (e.g., domperidone, olanzapine, droperidol,haloperidol, chlorpromazine, prochlorperazine, alizapride,prochlorperazine, metoclopramide, and the like), NK1 receptorantagonists (e.g., aprepitant, casopitant, rolapitant, and the like),antihistamines (e.g., cinnarizine, cyclizine, diphenhydramine,dimenhydrinate, doxylamine, meclizine, promethazine, hydroxyzine, andthe like), cannabinoids (e.g, cannabis, dronabinol, syntheticcannabinoids, and the like), benzodiazepines (e.g., midazolam,lorazepam, and the like), anticholinergics (e.g., scopolamine and thelike), steroids (e.g., dexamethasone and the like), trimethobenzamide,ginger, propofol, glucose/fructose/phosphoric acid (which is sold underthe trade name Emetrol®), peppermint, muscimol, ajwain, and the like.

In some embodiments, the one or more additional therapeutic agents is ananti-convulsant or anti-epileptic agent. As used herein,“anti-convulsant or anti-epileptic agent” refers to a drug that iseffective for treating or preventing seizures, including epilepticseizures. Examples of anti-convulsants include paraldehyde, stiripentol,phenobarbital, methylphenobarbital, barbexaclone, clobazam, clonazepam,clorazepate, diazepam, midazolam, lorazepam, nitrazepam, temazepam,nimetazepam, potassium bromide, felbamate, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine,eslicarbazepine acetate, valproic acid, sodium valproate, divalproexsodium, vigabatrin, progabide, tiagabine, topiramate, gabapentin,pregabalin, ethotoin, phenytoin, mephenytoin, fosphenytoin,paramethadione, trimethadione, ethadione, beclamide, primidone,brivaracetam, etiracetam, levetiracetam, seletracetam, ethosuximide,phensuximide, mesuximide, acetazolamide, sultiame, methazolamide,zonisamide, lamotrigine, pheneturide, phenacemide, valpromide,valnoctamide, perampanel, stiripentol, pyridoxine, and the like.

EXAMPLES General Experimental Notes:

In the following examples, the reagents (chemicals) were purchased fromcommercial sources (such as Alfa, Acros, Sigma Aldrich, TCI and ShanghaiChemical Reagent Company), and used without further purification.Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were obtained on a BruckerAMX-400 NMR (Brucker, Switzerland). Chemical shifts were reported inparts per million (ppm, δ) downfield from tetramethylsilane. Massspectra were given with electrospray ionization (ESI) from a Waters LCTTOF Mass Spectrometer (Waters, USA) or Shimadzu LCMS-2020 MassSpectrometer (Shimadzu, Japan). Microwave reactions were run on anInitiator 2.5 Microwave Synthesizer (Biotage, Sweden).

For exemplary compounds disclosed in this section, the specification ofa stereoisomer (e.g., an (R) or (S) stereoisomer) indicates apreparation of that compound such that the compound is enriched at thespecified stereocenter by at least about 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or99%. The chemical name of each of the exemplary compound described belowis generated by ChemDraw software.

Abbreviations List General

-   -   anhy. anhydrous    -   aq. aqueous    -   min minute(s)    -   hrs hours    -   mL milliliter    -   mmol millimole(s)    -   mol mole(s)    -   MS mass spectrometry    -   NMR nuclear magnetic resonance    -   TLC thin layer chromatography    -   HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography    -   satd. saturated

Spectrum

-   -   Hz hertz    -   δ chemical shift    -   J coupling constant    -   s singlet    -   d doublet    -   t triplet    -   q quartet    -   m multiplet    -   br broad    -   qd quartet of doublets    -   dquin doublet of quintets    -   dd doublet of doublets    -   dt doublet of triplets

Solvents and Reagents

-   -   DAST diethylaminosulfurtrifluoride    -   CHCl₃ chloroform    -   DCM dichloromethane    -   DMF dimethylformamide    -   Et₂O diethyl ether    -   EtOH ethyl alcohol    -   EtOAc ethyl acetate    -   MeOH methyl alcohol    -   MeCN acetonitrile    -   PE petroleum ether    -   THF tetrahydrofuran    -   DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide    -   AcOH acetic acid    -   HCl hydrochloric acid    -   H₂SO₄ sulfuric acid    -   NH₄Cl ammonium chloride    -   KOH potassium hydroxide    -   NaOH sodium hydroxide    -   K₂CO₃ potassium carbonate    -   Na₂CO₃ sodium carbonate    -   TFA trifluoroacetic acid    -   Na₂SO₄ sodium sulfate    -   NaBH₄ sodium borohydride    -   NaHCO₃ sodium bicarbonate    -   NaHMDS sodium hexamethyldisilylamide    -   LiHMDS lithium hexamethyldisilylamide    -   LAH lithium aluminum hydride    -   NaBH₄ sodium borohydride    -   LDA lithium diisopropylamide    -   Et₃N triethylamine    -   Py pyridine    -   DMAP 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine    -   DIPEA N,N-diisopropylethylamine    -   Xphos 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2,4,6-triisopropylbiphenyl    -   BINAP 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)-1,1′-binaphthyl    -   dppf 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene    -   TBTU 2-(1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium        tetrafluoroborate    -   DPPA diphenylphosphoryl azide    -   NH₄OH ammonium hydroxide    -   EDCI 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide    -   HOBt 1-hydroxybenzotriazole    -   Py Pyridine    -   Dppf 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene    -   HATU O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N,N′-tetra-methyluronium    -   BINAP 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)-1,1′-binaphthyl    -   MTBE methyl tert-butyl ether    -   NaSMe sodium methoxide

Example 1 Preparation of6-(6-(methylthio)pyridin-2-yl)-N2,N4-bis((R)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine(Compound 1)

DMSO (500 mL) and 6-(6-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N2,N4-bis((R)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine(AG-881 free base, 100 g, 0.241 mol) were charged into a 1 L flask underN2 at 15-20° C. The resulting solution was stirred for 10 min at 15-20°C. to form a clear brown solution. The reaction solution was cooled to5° C. and sodium thiomethoxide (NaSMe, 35.6 g, 0.508 mol) was added inportions over 20 min at 5-10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at20-25° C. for 3 h. The mixture was poured into ice water (3 L) at 5-10°C. with stirring. After 30 min at 20-25° C., the solid was filtered andthe wet cake was triturated with water (1.5 L) over 30 min at 20-25° C.The solid was filtered, washed with water (200 mL) and dried in vacuumoven at 50-55° C. to afford 6-(6-(methylthio)pyridin-2-yl)-N2,N4-bis((R)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamineas an off-white solid (100.8 g, 98% yield).

¹H NMR: (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.41-7.81 (m, 4H), 7.45-7.42 (m, 1H),5.12-4.91 (m, 2H), 2.59 (s, 3H), 1.34 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 6H). ¹³C-NMR: (101MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 170.65, 170.24, 166.65, 166.38, 160.58, 160.15, 154.20(d, J=14.4 Hz), 137.77, 127.99, 125.19, 122.87, 122.34, 119.89, 119.76(d, J=21.9 Hz), 47.44, 47.13, 13.89 (d, J=9.6 Hz), 13.53, 13.23.

LC-MS (ESI): m/z 427 [M+H]⁺

Example 2 Preparation of6-(6-(methylsulfinyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N2,N4-bis((R)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine(Compound 2)

MeOH (48 mL) and6-(6-(methylthio)pyridin-2-yl)-N2,N4-bis((R)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine(4.0 g, 9.38 mmol) were charged into a 250 mL flask at 10-20° C. Thereaction mixture was stirred for 10 min to get a clear solution. To thereaction solution was added aqueous Oxone solution (4.6 g, 7.48 mmol, 40mL water) dropwise over 30 min at 5-15° C. The resulting mixture wasstirred for 2 h at 20-30° C. The mixture was then cooled to 10° C. andquenched with water (100 mL). The reaction mixture was then extractedwith DCM (1×100 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (20 mL).The combined organic phase was cooled to 5-10° C. and added aqueoussolution of Na₂SO₃ (1.18 g, 9.38 mmol, 20 mL water) [The addition isexothermic]. The phases were separated, and the organic phase was washedwith water (1×40 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered andconcentrated in vacuum at 40-45° C. to get the crude product as an oil.The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (Elutant:n-heptane/EtOAc—5:1 to 1:1). The combined pure fractions wereconcentrated and dried under vacuum to afford the intended product as awhite solid. The product was further recrystallized by dissolving it inmethanol (30 mL) at 40-45° C., followed by the addition of water (60 mL)over a period of 30 min at 20-30° C. The resulting suspension wasstirred for an additional 0.5 h at 20-30° C. before being filtered,washed with water (10 mL) and dried in a vacuum oven at 50-55° C. toafford6-(6-(methylsulfinyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N2,N4-bis((R)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamineas a white solid (2.2 g, 53% yield).

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.57-8.41 (m, 2H), 8.35-8.22 (m, 2H), 8.05(dd, J=26.2, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 5.13-4.88 (m, 2H), 2.82 (s, 3H), 1.34 (d,J=6.8 Hz, 6H).

¹³C-NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 169.86, 169.51, 166.67, 166.37, 166.32,166.11, 154.56 (d, J=9.7 Hz), 140.05 (d, J=8.1 Hz), 130.61, 127.93,126.80, 125.33, 125.22, 124.98, 124.64, 121.02 (d, J=16.8 Hz), 47.49,47.12 (d, J=13.5 Hz), 41.60 (d, J=13.5 Hz), 13.87 (d, J=15.2 Hz).

LC-MS (ESI): m/z 443 [M+H]+.

Example 3 Preparation of 6-(4, 6-bis(((R)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)amino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)pyridine-2-thiol (Compound 3)

DMSO (100 mL) and 6-(6-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N2,N4-bis((R)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine(AG-881 free base, 10 g, 24.1 mmol) were charged into a 250 mL flaskunder N2 at 15-20° C. The resulting solution was stirred for 10 min at15-20° C. to get a clear brown solution. The reaction mixture was cooledto 5° C., and was added Na₂S (4.2 g, 90% purity, 24.4 mmol) in portionsover 5 min at 5-10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 16 h at20˜25° C., poured into ice water (500 mL) and acetic acid (50 mL) wasadded at 5˜10° C. with stirring. After stirring for 15-30 min at 10-15°C., the solid was filtered. The wet cake was dissolved in DCM (100 mL),phase separated, and the aqueous layer was discarded. The organic phasewas dried with anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reducedpressure to obtain the crude product as light yellow oil. The crudeproduct was purified by silica gel chromatography (Elutant:DCM/MeOH—30:1 to 10:1). The pure fractions containing product werecombined and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the purifiedproduct as yellow solid which was further dried in vacuum oven atambient temperature to obtain 6-(4, 6-bis(((R)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)amino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)pyridine-2-thiolas a yellow solid (8.0 g, 80% yield).

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.68-11.90 (m, 1H), 8.68-7.66 (m, 2H),7.61-7.48 (m, 3H), 5.36-4.86 (m, 2H), 1.37-1.34 (m, 6H).

¹³C-NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 179.09, 178.77, 166.12, 165.71, 165.62,163.46, 142.85, 142.66, 137.97, 137.62, 136.76, 136.35, 127.83, 125.02,113.60, 112.82, 47.60-47.17, 14.0 (d, J=16.2 Hz).

LC-MS (ESI): m/z 413 [M+H]⁺.

Example 4 Preparation of6,6′-(6,6′-disulfanediylbis(pyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(N2,N4-bis((R)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine)(Compound 4)

Acetonitrile (30 mL) and 6-(4, 6-bis(((R)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)amino)-1,3,5-triazin-2

-yl)pyridine-2-thiol (1.0 g, 2.43 mmol) were charged into a 100 mL flaskunder N2 at 15-20° C. The reaction mixture was cooled to −20° C., andtrichloroisocyanuric acid (102 mg, 0.44 mmol) was added in one portion.The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at −20° C. and the solid wasfiltered. The filtrate was poured into water (50 mL), and the resultingsolution was extracted with ethyl acetate (1×50 mL). The organic layerwas concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product aslight yellow oil. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography(Elutant: DCM/MeOH—50:1 to 20:1). The pure fractions containing productwere combined and concentrated to afford a pale yellow solid which wasfurther dried in vacuum oven at ambient temperature to obtain6,6′-(6,6′-disulfanediylbis(pyridine-6,2-diyl)bis(N2,N4-bis((R)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine)as a pale yellow solid (0.82 g, 82% yield).

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.62 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.54 (d, J=8.0 Hz,2H), 8.27-8.24 (m, 2H), 8.19 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 8.07-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.87(d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 5.14-4.92 (m, 4H), 1.41-1.36 (m, 12H).

¹³C-NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 169.85, 169.59, 166.70, 166.42, 166.33,158.67, 158.53, 158.28, 154.71, 139.72 (d, J=12.1 Hz), 130.77, 127.96,125.15, 122.21, 121.79, 121.46, 121.32, 121.14, 121.04, 47.78-46.88,13.94 (d, J=11.1 Hz).

LC-MS (ESI): m/z 823 [M+H]⁺.

Example 5 Preparation of(R)-2-amino-3-((6-(4,6-bis(((R)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)amino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl-pyridin-2-yl)thio)propanoicacid (Compound 5)

N,N-Dimethylformamide (5 mL), N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (1.88 g, 14.6mmol) and 6-(4,6-bis(((R)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)amino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)pyridine-2-thiol(1.0 g, 2.43 mmol) were charged into a 25 mL flask under N2 at 20-30° C.A solution of L-2-amino-3-chloropropanoic acid (0.60 g, 4.86 mmol) inwater (5 mL) was then added dropwise to the reaction mixture at 20-30°C. The resulting mixture was heated to 60° C. and stirred for 20 h.After stirring for 20 h at 60° C. the mixture was cooled to 20° C. andpoured into water (30 mL). The resulting slurry was stirred for 15-30min and then the solid was isolated by vacuum filtration and washed withwater (10 mL). The solid was dried on filter under air for 1-2 h andthen was dissolved in DMSO (30 mL). The product solution in DMSO wasthen purified by preparative HPLC [column: YMC TA C18, 250×21.2 mm, 10um; flow: 15 mL/min.; Gradient: 20% Acetonitrile-80% water 0.1% TFA to70% Acetonitrile-30% water 0.1% TFA; @254/205 nm]. The pure fractionscontaining product were combined and concentrated in vacuum at 45-50° C.to remove solvents. The product was then lyophilized to afford(R)-2-amino-3-((6-(4,6-bis(((R)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)amino)-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)thio)propanoic acid as a white solid (170 mg, 98.9%/220 nm,14% yield).

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.37-8.03 (m, 6H), 7.88 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),7.63 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.19-4.95 (m, 2H), 3.61-3.32 (m, 3H), 1.42-1.35(m, 6H).

¹³C-NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 169.53, 169.27, 168.77, 166.31, 166.21,166.14, 159.03 (d, J=8.1 Hz), 153.24 (d, J=4.0 Hz), 138.70 (d, J=7.1Hz), 127.96, 125.35 (d, J=17.2 Hz), 120.71, 120.20, 56.44, 47.61, 33.77,13.97.

LC-MS (ESI): m/z 499 [M+H]⁺

Example 6 Preparation of(S)-3-((6-(4,6-bis(((R)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)amino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)thio)-2-methylpropanoicacid (Compound 6)

N,N-Dimethylformamide (5 mL), N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (3.1 g, 24.3mmol) and 6-(4,6-bis(((R)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)amino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)pyridine-2-thiol(1.0 g, 2.43 mmol) were charged into a 25 mL flask under N2 at 20-30° C.A solution of L-2-amino-3-chloropropanoic acid (0.60 g, 4.86 mmol) inwater (5 mL) was then added dropwise to the reaction mixture at 20-30°C. The resulting mixture was heated to 60° C. and stirred for 20 h.After stirring for 20 h at 60° C. the mixture was cooled to 20° C. andpoured into water (30 mL). The resulting slurry was stirred for 15-30min and then the solid was isolated by vacuum filtration and washed withwater (10 mL). The solid was dried on filter under air for 1-2 h andthen was dissolved in DMSO (30 mL). The product solution in DMSO wasthen purified by preparative HPLC [column: YMC TA C18, 250×21.2 mm, 10um; flow: 15 mL/min.; Gradient: 20% Acetonitrile-80% water 0.1% TFA to70% Acetonitrile-30% water 0.1% TFA; @254/205 nm]. The pure fractionscontaining product were combined and concentrated in vacuum at 45-50° C.to remove solvents. The product was then lyophilized to afford(S)-3-((6-(4,6-bis(((R)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)amino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)pyridine-2-yl)thio)-2-methylpropanoicacid as a white solid (120 mg, 98.5%/220 nm, 10% yield).

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.36-8.04 (m, 6H), 7.88 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),7.63 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.17-4.94 (m, 2H), 3.62-3.33 (m, 3H), 1.42-1.34(m, 6H).

¹³C-NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 169.55, 169.28, 168.50, 166.29, 166.15,159.07, 158.99, 153.22, 138.71 (d, J=7.1 Hz), 125.54, 125.38, 120.68,120.17, 56.52, 47.59, 33.83, 13.99. LC-MS (ESI): m/z 499 [M+H]⁺.

Example 7 Preparation of6-(6-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N2,N4-bis((R)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine(Compound 7)

DMSO (50 mL) and 6-(6-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N2,N4-bis((R)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine(AG-881 free base, 5.0 g, 12.06 mmole) were charged to a flask. Theresulting mixture was stirred for 5 min at 15-20° C. to form a clearbrown solution under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was cooled to 5° C.,then added sodium thiomethoxide (NaSMe, 4.3 g, 60.28 mmole) was added inportions over 20 min at 5-10° C. under nitrogen. The reaction mixturewas heated to 90-95° C., stirred for 3 h at 90-95° C. The reactionsolution was poured into ice water (200 mL) at 5-10° C. with stirring.After stirring for 30 min, the solids were filtered, washed the filtercake with water (50 mL) and dried in vacuum at 50° C. for 6 h to afford6-(6-(methylthio)pyridin-2-yl)-N2,N4-bis((R)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamineas a pale yellow solid (4.8 g, 98.9% purity, 93% crude yield).

To a solution of MeOH (40 mL) and water (40 mL) was added6-(6-(methylthio)pyridin-2-yl)-N2,N4-bis((R)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine(4.0 g, 9.38 mmol) in one portion. The reaction mixture was added withOxone (11.5 g, 18.8 mmol) in portions over 15 min while keeping thetemperature below 20° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at20-30° C. The reaction mixture was cooled to 10° C., then added water(80 mL) and DCM (120 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred for 10 minat 10-15° C. and separated. The organic phase was washed with aqueousNa₂SO₃ (1.2 g in 80 mL water) solution at 5-10° C. (check by KI starchpaper) and separated. The organic phase was washed with water (100 mL×2)and separated. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuum at 40-45° C. to get 4-5V ofslurry. The slurry was stirred for 30 min at 10-15° C., filtered, washedwith MTBE (20 mL) and dried in vacuum at 50° C. to afford6-(6-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N2,N4-bis((R)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamineas a pale yellow solid (2.2 g, 98.7% purity, 51% yield). The motherliquor was concentrated to afford6-(6-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N2,N4-bis((R)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamineas a yellow solid (˜1.5 g, ˜90 a %/220 nm).

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.57 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.21 (d, J=8.0 Hz,1H), 8.11 (t, J=8 Hz, 1H), 5.68 (d, J=12 Hz, 1H), 5.31 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H),5.11 (b s, 1H), 4.88 (m, 1H), 3.34 (s, 3H), 1.43 (dd, J=8.0, 4.0 Hz,6H).

¹³C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 169.24, 166.18, 158.23, 154.38, 139.17,127.46, 125.45 (q), 122.69, 47.71, 40.01, 14.34.

LC-MS (ESI): m/z 459 [M+H]⁺.

Example 8

Characterization of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretionof Oral [¹⁴C]Vorasidenib with Concomitant Intravenous MicrodoseAdministration of [¹³C₃ ¹⁵N₃]Vorasidenib in Humans

Metabolite profiling and identification of vorasidenib (AG-881) wasperformed in plasma, urine, and fecal samples collected from fivehealthy subjects after a single 50-mg (100 μCi) oral dose of [14C]AG-881and concomitant intravenous microdose of [¹³C3 ¹⁵N3]AG-881.

Plasma samples collected at selected time points from 0 through 336 hourpostdose were pooled across subjects to generate 0- to 72 and96-336-hour area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)-representativesamples. Urine and feces samples were pooled by subject to generateindividual urine and fecal pools. Plasma, urine, and feces samples wereextracted, as appropriate, the extracts were profiled using highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and metabolites wereidentified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS and/orLC-MS/MS) analysis and by comparison of retention time with referencestandards, when available.

Due to low radioactivity in samples, plasma metabolite profiling wasperformed by using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). In plasma,AG-881 was accounted for 66.24 and 29.47% of the total radioactivity inthe pooled AUC₀₋₇₂ h and AUC₉₋₃₃₆ plasma, respectively. The mostabundant radioactive peak (P7; M458) represented 0.10 and 43.92% oftotal radioactivity for pooled AUC₀₋₇₂ and AUC_(96-336 h) plasma,respectively. All other radioactive peaks accounted for less than 6% ofthe total plasma radioactivity and were not identified.

The majority of the radioactivity recovered in feces was associated withunchanged AG-881 (55.5% of the dose), while no AG-881 was detected inurine. In comparison, metabolites in excreta accounted for approximately18% of dose in feces and for approximately 4% of dose in urine. M515,M460-1, M499, M516/M460-2, and M472/M476 were the most abundantmetabolites in feces, and each accounted for approximately 2 to 5% ofthe radioactive dose, while M266 was the most abundant metaboliteidentified in urine and accounted for a mean of 2.54% of the dose. Theremaining radioactive components in urine and feces each accounted for<1% of the dose.

Overall, the data presented indicate [¹⁴C]AG-881 underwent moderatemetabolism after a single oral dose of 50-mg (100 μCi) and waseliminated in humans via a combination of metabolism and excretion ofunchanged parent. AG-881 metabolism involved the oxidation andconjugation with glutathione (GSH) by displacement of the chlorine atthe chloropyridine moiety. Subsequent biotransformation of GSHintermediates resulted in elimination of both glutamic acid and glycineto form the cysteinyl conjugates (M515 and M499). The cysteinylconjugates were further converted by a series of biotransformationreactions such as oxidation, S-dealkylation, S-methylation, S-oxidation,S-acetylation and N-dealkylation resulting in the formation multiplemetabolites.

A summary of the metabolites observed is included in Table 2

TABLE 2 Retention Component Time Matrix designation (Minutes) [M + H]⁺Type of Biotransformation Plasma Urine Feces Unidentified 1 7.00 UnknownX M266 7.67^(a) 267 N-dealkylation X Unidentified 2 Unknown XUnidentified 3 Unknown X Unidentified 4 Unknown X Unidentified 5 UnknownX M515 19.79^(b) 516 Oxidation X M460-1 20.76^(b) 461 Oxidation X M49921.22^(b) 500 Dechloro-glutathione X X conjugation + hydrolysis M51621.89^(b) 517 Oxidative-deamination X M460-2 21.98^(b) 461 Oxidation XM472 22.76^(b) 473 S-dealkylation + S- X acetylation + reduction M47622.76^(b) 477 Oxidation X Unidentified 6 Unknown X M474 23.63^(b) 475Oxidation X Unidentified 7 Unknown X M430 25.88^(b) 431 AG-881-oxidationX M426 30.62^(b) 427 S-dealkylation + methylation X M458 31.03^(c) 459AG-69460 X * AG-881 39.41^(b) 415 AG-881 X X M428 47.40^(b) 429S-dealkylation + oxidation XTable 3 contains a summary of protonated molecular ions andcharacteristic product ions for AG-881 and identified metabolites

TABLE 3 Retention Characteristic Metabolite Time Proposed MetaboliteProduct Ions designation (Minutes) [M + H]⁺ Identification (m/z) MatrixM266  7.88^(a) 267

188, 187 Urine M515 19.79^(b) 516

429, 260, 164, 153 Feces M460-1 20.76^(b) 461

379, 260, 164 Feces M499 21.22^(b) 500

437, 413, 260, 164, 137 Urine Feces M516 21.89^(b) 517

427, 260, 164, 153 Feces M460-2 21.98^(b) 461

369, 260, 164, 139, 121, 93 Feces M472 22.76^(b) 473

429, 260, 179, 164, 153 Feces M476 22.76^(b) 477

395, 260, 164, 139, 119 Feces M474 23.63^(b) 475

260, 164, 68 Feces M430 25.88^(b) 431

260, 164, 155, 68 Feces M426 30.62^(b) 427

260, 164, 151 Feces M458 31.03^(b) 459

380, 311, 260, 183, 164, 130 Plasma Feces^(d) AG-881 39.41^(b) 415

319, 277, 260, 240, 164, 139, 119, 68 Plasma Feces^(d) M428 47.40^(b)429

260, 164, 153 Feces Notes ^(a)Retention time from analysis of a urinesample ^(b)Retention time from analysis of a feces sample ^(c)Retentiontime from analysis of a plasma sample ^(d)M458 was only detected infeces by mass spectrometry, not by radioprofiling.The proposed (theoretical) biotransformation pathways leading to theobserved metabolites are shown in FIG. 1 .

Example 9 Enzymatic Assays In Vitro Assays for IDH1m (R132H or R132C)Inhibitors

The following describes the experimental procedures that can be used toobtain the data in columns 2 and 4 of Table 4 and column 2 of Table 5.

In the primary reaction, the reduction of α-KG acid to 2HG isaccompanied by a concomitant oxidation of NADPH to NADP. The amount ofNADPH remaining at the end of the reaction time is measured in asecondary diaphorase/resazurin reaction in which the NADPH is consumedin a 1:1 molar ratio with the conversion of resazurin to the highlyfluorescent resorufin. Uninhibited reactions exhibit a low fluorescenceat the end of the assay, while reactions in which the consumption ofNADPH by R132H IDH1 has been inhibited by a small molecule show a highfluorescence.

The primary reaction is performed in a volume of 50 μL 1× Buffer (150 mMNaCl, 20 mM Tris 7.5, 10 mM MgCl₂, 0.05% (w/v) bovine serum albumin),contained 0.25 ug/mL (2.7 nM) IDH1 wt/IDH1 R132H heterodimer, 0.3 mMalpha-ketoglutarate, 4 μM NADPH, and either 300 μM NADP (saturated) or30 μM NADP (without saturation), and 1 uL of 50× compound in DMSO. Themixture of compound, enzyme, and cofactor is pre-incubated at roomtemperature for 1 hr prior to the addition of alpha-ketoglutarate. Toperform the secondary reaction, 10 uL of 1× buffer containing 36 μg/mldiaphorase and 30 mM resazurin is added to the primary reaction andincubated for a further 5 minutes at 25° C. Florescence is read on aSpectramax platereader at Ex 544 Em 590. Compounds or compound dilutionsare prepared in 100% DMSO concentration and diluted 1:50 into the finalreaction. IDH1 wt/IDH1 R132C is assayed under similar conditions exceptthat 1× Buffer is 50 mM K₂HPO₄, pH 6.5; 10 mM MgCl₂; 10% glycerol; 0.03%(w/v) bovine serum albumin and final concentrations are 0.4 ug/mL (4.3nM) IDH1 wt/IDH1 R132C heterodimer, 0.02 mM alpha-ketoglutarate, 4 uMNADPH, and either 300 μM NADP (saturated) or 30 μM NADP (withoutsaturation). IC50s are determined.

IDH1 or IDH2 wildtype (wt) and mutant heterodimers are expressed andpurified by methods known in the art. For example, IDH1 wt/R132mheterodimer is expressed and purified as follows. Co-expression of IDH1wt-his and IDH1R132C-flag is carried out in sf9 insect cells. Cells (25g) are resuspended in 250 ml of 50 mM Tirs, 500 mM NaCl, pH7.4, at 4° C.with stirring. Cells are disrupted with 4 passes through an M-Y110 Microfluidizer (Microfluidics) set to 500 psi, and then centrifuged at 22,000rcf for 20 min at 4° C. The supernatant is harvested and loaded at 15cm/h on a Histrap FF 5*1 ml column (GE) which is equilibrated with 50 mMTirs, 500 mM NaCl, pH7.4. Host cell contaminants are removed by washingthe column with equilibration buffer followed by equilibration buffercontaining 20 mM imidazole and 60 mM imidazole to baseline. IDH1 wt-hishomodimer and IDH1 wt-his/IDH1R132C-flag are eluted by equilibrationbuffer containing 250 mM imidazole. Fractions eluted by 250 mM imidazoleare pooled together and loaded at 15 cm/h onto a column pre-packed with10 ml ANTI-FLAG® M2 Affinity Gel (Sigma), the column is equilibratedwith 50 mM Tris, 500 mM NaCl, pH7.4. After washing with equilibrationbuffer, IDH1 wt-his/IDH1R132C-flag heterodimer is eluted byequilibration buffer containing flag peptide (0.2 mg/ml). Aliquots ofIDH1 wt-his/IDH1R132C-flag are flash frozen in liquid N2 and stored at−80° C. Same conditions are used for the purification of IDH1wt-his/IDH1R132H-flag.

In Vitro Assays for IDH1m (R132H or R132C) Inhibitors

The following describes the experimental procedures that can be used toobtain the data in columns 3 and 6 of Table 4.

A test compound is prepared as 10 mM stock in DMSO and diluted to 50×final concentration in DMSO, for a 50 μl reaction mixture. IDH enzymeactivity converting alpha-ketoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutaric acid ismeasured using a NADPH depletion assay. In the assay the remainingcofactor is measured at the end of the reaction with the addition of acatalytic excess of diaphorase and resazurin, to generate a fluorescentsignal in proportion to the amount of NADPH remaining. IDH1-R132homodimer enzyme is diluted to 0.125 μg/ml in 40 μl of Assay Buffer (150mM NaCl, 20 mM Tris-Cl pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl₂, 0.05% BSA, 2 mMb-mercaptoethanol); 1 μl of test compound dilution in DMSO is added andthe mixture is incubated for 60 minutes at room temperature. Thereaction is started with the addition of 10 μl of Substrate Mix (20 μlNADPH, 5 mM alpha-ketoglutarate, in Assay Buffer) and the mixture isincubated for 90 minutes at room temperature. The reaction is terminatedwith the addition of 25 μl of Detection Buffer (36 μg/ml diaphorase, 30mM resazurin, in 1× Assay Buffer), and is incubated for 1 minute beforereading on a SpectraMax platereader at Ex544/Em590.

Compounds are assayed for their activity against IDH1 R132C followingthe same assay as above with the following modifications: Assay Bufferis (50 mM potassium phosphate, pH 6.5; 40 mM sodium carbonate, 5 mMMgCl₂, 10% glycerol, 2 mM b-mercaptoethanol, and 0.03% BSA). Theconcentration of NADPH and alpha-ketoglutarate in the Substrate Bufferis 20 μM and 1 mM, respectively.

In Vitro Assays for IDH1m (R132H or R132C) Inhibitors

The following describes the experimental procedures that can be used toobtain the data in columns 3 and 5 of Table 5.

A test compound is prepared as 10 mM stock in DMSO and diluted to 50×final concentration in DMSO, for a 50 μl reaction mixture. IDH enzymeactivity converting alpha-ketoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutaric acid ismeasured using a NADPH depletion assay. In the assay the remainingcofactor is measured at the end of the reaction with the addition of acatalytic excess of diaphorase and resazurin, to generate a fluorescentsignal in proportion to the amount of NADPH remaining. IDH1-R132Hhomodimer enzyme is diluted to 0.125 μg/ml in 40 μl of Assay Buffer (150mM NaCl, 20 mM Tris-Cl pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl₂, 0.05% BSA, 2 mMb-mercaptoethanol) containing 5 μM NADPH and 37.5 μM NADP; 1 μl of testcompound dilution in DMSO is added and the mixture is incubated for 60minutes at room temperature. The reaction is started with the additionof 10 μl of Substrate Mix (20 μl NADPH, 5 mM alpha-ketoglutarate, inAssay Buffer) and the mixture is incubated for 60 minutes at roomtemperature. The reaction is terminated with the addition of 25 μl ofDetection Buffer (36 μg/ml diaphorase, 30 mM resazurin, in 1× AssayBuffer), and is incubated for 1 minute before reading on a SpectraMaxplatereader at Ex544/Em590.

Compounds are assayed for their activity against IDH1 R132C followingthe same assay as above with the following modifications: IDH1-R132Chomodimer enzyme is diluted to 0.1875 μg/ml in 40 μl of Assay Buffer (50mM potassium phosphate, pH 6.5; 40 mM sodium carbonate, 5 mM MgCl₂, 10%glycerol, 2 mM b-mercaptoethanol, and 0.03% BSA) containing 5 uM NADPHand 28.75 uM NADP. The concentration of alpha-ketoglutarate in theSubstrate Buffer is 1 mM.

In Vitro Assays for IDH2m R140Q Inhibitors

The following describes the experimental procedures used to obtain thedata in column 7 of Table 4.

Compounds are assayed for IDH2 R140Q inhibitory activity through acofactor depletion assay. Compounds are preincubated with enzyme, thenthe reaction is started by the addition of NADPH and α-KG, and allowedto proceed for 60 minutes under conditions previously demonstrated to belinear with respect for time for consumption of both cofactor andsubstrate. The reaction is terminated by the addition of a secondenzyme, diaphorase, and a corresponding substrate, resazurin. Diaphorasereduces resazurin to the highly fluorescent resorufin with theconcomitant oxidation of NADPH to NADP, both halting the IDH2 reactionby depleting the available cofactor pool and facilitating quantitationof the amount of cofactor remaining after a specific time period throughquantitative production of an easily detected fluorophore.

Specifically, into each of 12 wells of a 384-well plate, 1 μl of 100×compound dilution series is placed, followed by the addition of 40 μl ofbuffer (50 mM potassium phosphate (K₂HPO₄), pH 7.5; 150 mM NaCl; 10 mMMgCl₂, 10% glycerol, 0.05% bovine serum albumin, 2 mMbeta-mercaptoethanol) containing 0.25 μg/ml IDH2 R140Q protein. The testcompound is then incubated for one hour at room temperature with theenzyme; before starting the IDH2 reaction with the addition of 10 μl ofsubstrate mix containing 4 μM NADPH and 1.6 mM α-KG in the bufferdescribed above. After a further 16 hours of incubation at roomtemperature, the reaction is halted, and the remaining NADPH measuredthrough conversion of resazurin to resorufin by the addition of 25 μlStop Mix (36 μg/ml diaphorase enzyme and 60 μM resazurin; in buffer).After one minute of incubation the plate is read on a plate reader atEx544/Em590.

For determination of the inhibitory potency of compounds against IDH2R140Q in an assay format similar to the above, a similar procedure isperformed, except that the final testing concentration is 0.25 μg/mlIDH2 R140Q protein, 4 μM NADPH and 1.6 mM α-KG.

For determination of the inhibitory potency of compounds against IDH2R140Q in a high throughput screening format, a similar procedure isperformed, except that 0.25 μg/ml IDH2 R140Q protein is utilized in thepreincubation step, and the reaction is started with the addition of 4μM NADPH and 8 μM α-KG.

In Vitro Assays for IDH2m R140Q Inhibitors

The following describes the experimental procedures used to obtain thedata in column 6 of Table 5.

Compounds are assayed for IDH2 R140Q inhibitory activity through acofactor depletion assay. Compounds are preincubated with enzyme andcofactor, then the reaction is started by the addition of α-KG, andallowed to proceed for 60 minutes under conditions previouslydemonstrated to be linear. The reaction is terminated by the addition ofa second enzyme, diaphorase, and a corresponding substrate, resazurin.Diaphorase reduces resazurin to the highly fluorescent resorufin withthe concomitant oxidation of NADPH to NADP, both halting the IDH2reaction by depleting the available cofactor pool and facilitatingquantitation of the amount of cofactor remaining after a specific timeperiod through quantitative production of an easily detectedfluorophore.

Specifically, into each of 12 wells of a 384-well plate, 1 μl of 50×compound dilution series is placed, followed by the addition of 40 μl ofbuffer (50 mM potassium phosphate (K₂HPO₄), pH 7.5; 150 mM NaCl; 10 mMMgCl₂, 10% glycerol, 0.05% bovine serum albumin, 2 mMbeta-mercaptoethanol) containing 0.39 μg/ml IDH2 R140Q protein, 5 uMNADPH and 750 uM NADP. The test compound is then incubated for 16 hrs atroom temperature with the enzyme and cofactors before starting the IDH2reaction with the addition of 10 μl of substrate mix containing 8 mMα-KG (final concentration 1.6 mM) in the buffer described above. After afurther 1 hour of incubation at room temperature, the reaction ishalted, and the remaining NADPH measured through conversion of resazurinto resorufin by the addition of 25 μl Stop Mix (36 μg/ml diaphoraseenzyme and 60 μM resazurin; in buffer). After one minute of incubationthe plate is read on a plate reader at Ex544/Em590.

The data for various compounds of one aspect of the disclosure in theR132H enzymatic assay, R132C enzymatic assay, R140Q enzymatic assay,R132C cell-based assay, and R140Q cell-based assay as described above orsimilar thereto are presented below in Tables 4 and 5.

TABLE 4 Inhibitory Activities of Exemplary Compounds 1 to 6 againstmIDH1 IDH1 IDH1 IDH1 WT IDH1 R132H WT IC50 R132H IC50 WT/R132H WT/R132HCompound IC50 1 h 16 h IC50 1 h 16 h IC50 1 h IC50 16 h 1 1.587 0.0420.036 100 0.014 0.002 2 4.875 0.161 0.451 100 0.081 0.069 3 5.546 1.2560.576 0.711 0.717 0.246 5 100 100 100 100 100 100 4 1.525 0.832 0.5010.222 0.415 0.591 7 1.578 0.075 0.168 0.394 0.022 0.034

TABLE 5 Inhibitory Activities of Compounds 1 to 6 against mIDH2 IDH2IDH2 IDH2 WT IDH2 R140Q WT IC50 R140Q IC50 WT/R140Q WT/R140Q CompoundIC50 1 h 16 h IC50 1 h 16 h IC50 1 h IC50 16 h 1 0.41 0.037 0.193 0.0210.488 0.04 2 1.2 0.209 0.552 0.146 1.709 0.264 3 100 5.063 2.34 1.555100 7.715 5 100 100 100 100 100 100 4 100 100 1.301 3.51 100 100 7 0.9100.098 0.430 0.059 1.232 0.125

Having thus described several aspects of several embodiments, it is tobe appreciated various alterations, modifications, and improvements willreadily occur to those skilled in the art. Such alterations,modifications, and improvements are intended to be part of thisdisclosure, and are intended to be within the spirit and scope of theinvention. Accordingly, the foregoing description and drawings are byway of example only.

1. A compound selected from:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a purified form. 2.The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a purified form. 3.The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a purified form. 4.The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a purified form. 5.The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a purified form. 6.The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a purified form. 7.The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a purified form. 8.The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a purified form.
 9. Apharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any one ofclaims 1 to 8, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one ormore pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
 10. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 9, wherein the compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 11. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 9, wherein the compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 12. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 9, wherein the compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 13. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 9, wherein the compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 14. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 9, wherein the compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 15. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 9, wherein the compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 16. The pharmaceuticalcomposition of claim 9, wherein the compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 17. A method of treatinga cancer comprising administering to a patient in need thereof atherapeutically effective amount of a purified compound of any one ofclaims 1 to 8 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein thecancer is characterized by the presence of at least one mutation chosenfrom an IDH1 mutation or an IDH2 mutation.
 18. The method of claim 17,wherein the purified compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 19. The method of claim17, wherein the purified compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 20. The method of claim17, wherein the purified compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 21. The method of claim17, wherein the purified compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 22. The method of claim17, wherein the purified compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 23. The method of claim17, wherein the purified compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 24. The method of claim17, wherein the purified compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 25. A method of treatinga cancer comprising administering to a patient in need thereof atherapeutically effective amount of a composition of any one of claims 9to 16, wherein the cancer is characterized by the presence of at leastone mutation chosen from an IDH1 mutation or an IDH2 mutation.
 26. Themethod of any one of claims 17 to 25 wherein the cancer is selected fromglioma (including low grade glioma), glioblastoma (including secondaryglioblastoma), grade II or III astrocytoma, grade II or IIIoligodendroglioma, acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), sarcoma, melanoma,non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), cholangiocarcinomas, chondrosarcoma,myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN),colon cancer, and angio-immunoblastic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in apatient.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the cancer is glioma. 28.The method of claim 27, wherein the glioma is a low grade glioma or ahigh grade glioma.
 29. A method of treating a glioma in a subject inneed thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a purified compound according to any one of claims 1to 8, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 30. The method ofclaim 29, wherein the purified compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 31. The method of claim29, wherein the purified compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 32. The method of claim29, wherein the purified compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 33. The method of claim29, wherein the purified compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 34. The method of claim29, wherein the purified compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 35. The method of claim29, wherein the purified compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 36. The method of claim29, wherein the purified compound is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 37. A method of treatinga glioma comprising administering to a patient in need thereof atherapeutically effective amount of a composition of any one of claims 9to 16, wherein the glioma is characterized by the presence of at leastone mutation chosen from an IDH1 mutation or an IDH2 mutation.
 38. Themethod of any one of claims 29 to 36, wherein the glioma ischaracterized by the presence of at least one mutation selected from anIDH1 mutation and an IDH2 mutation.
 39. The method of any one of claims17-28 and 37, wherein the mutation is an IDH1 mutation.
 40. The methodof claim 39, wherein the IDH1 mutation is an R132X mutation.
 41. Themethod of claim 40, wherein the IDH1 mutation is an R132H or R132Cmutation.
 42. The method of any one of claims 17-28 and 37, wherein themutation is an IDH2 mutation.
 43. The method of claim 42, wherein themutation is a R140X or R172X mutation.
 44. The method of claim 43,wherein the mutation is a R140Q, R140W, or an R140L mutation.
 45. Themethod of claim 43, wherein the mutation is an R172K or R172G mutation.46. The method of any one of claims 17 to 45, wherein the amount of thepurified compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereofadministered to the patient is between about 1 and 5000 mg/day.
 47. Themethod of claim 46, wherein the amount of the purified compound orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof administered to the patient isbetween about 1 and 1000 mg/day.
 48. The method of claim 46, wherein theamount of the purified compound or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof administered to the patient is between about 1 and 500 mg/day.49. The method of any one of claims 17 to 48 wherein the purifiedcompound or composition is administered orally.
 50. The method of anyone of claims 17 to 49 wherein the purified compound or composition isadministered in combination with an additional therapeutic modality. 51.The method of claim 50 wherein the additional therapeutic modality isselected from radiation, surgical resection, anti-cancer medications,anti-epileptic medications, anti-seizure medications and anti-emesismedications.
 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the anti-cancermedications are selected from chemotherapy with cytotoxic or cytostaticagents, targeted medications, antibody therapy, immunotherapy andhormonal therapy.